I have an io.ReadCloser object (from an http.Response object).
What's the most efficient way to convert the entire stream to a string object?
EDIT:
Since 1.10, strings.Builder exists. Example:
buf := new(strings.Builder)
n, err := io.Copy(buf, r)
// check errors
fmt.Println(buf.String())
OUTDATED INFORMATION BELOW
The short answer is that it it will not be efficient because converting to a string requires doing a complete copy of the byte array. Here is the proper (non-efficient) way to do what you want:
buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
buf.ReadFrom(yourReader)
s := buf.String() // Does a complete copy of the bytes in the buffer.
This copy is done as a protection mechanism. Strings are immutable. If you could convert a []byte to a string, you could change the contents of the string. However, go allows you to disable the type safety mechanisms using the unsafe package. Use the unsafe package at your own risk. Hopefully the name alone is a good enough warning. Here is how I would do it using unsafe:
buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
buf.ReadFrom(yourReader)
b := buf.Bytes()
s := *(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))
There we go, you have now efficiently converted your byte array to a string. Really, all this does is trick the type system into calling it a string. There are a couple caveats to this method:
There are no guarantees this will work in all go compilers. While this works with the plan-9 gc compiler, it relies on "implementation details" not mentioned in the official spec. You can not even guarantee that this will work on all architectures or not be changed in gc. In other words, this is a bad idea.
That string is mutable! If you make any calls on that buffer it will change the string. Be very careful.
My advice is to stick to the official method. Doing a copy is not that expensive and it is not worth the evils of unsafe. If the string is too large to do a copy, you should not be making it into a string.
Answers so far haven't addressed the "entire stream" part of the question. I think the good way to do this is ioutil.ReadAll. With your io.ReaderCloser named rc, I would write,
Go >= v1.16
if b, err := io.ReadAll(rc); err == nil {
return string(b)
} ...
Go <= v1.15
if b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(rc); err == nil {
return string(b)
} ...
data, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(response.Body)
fmt.Println(string(data))
func copyToString(r io.Reader) (res string, err error) {
var sb strings.Builder
if _, err = io.Copy(&sb, r); err == nil {
res = sb.String()
}
return
}
The most efficient way would be to always use []byte instead of string.
In case you need to print data received from the io.ReadCloser, the fmt package can handle []byte, but it isn't efficient because the fmt implementation will internally convert []byte to string. In order to avoid this conversion, you can implement the fmt.Formatter interface for a type like type ByteSlice []byte.
var b bytes.Buffer
b.ReadFrom(r)
// b.String()
I like the bytes.Buffer struct. I see it has ReadFrom and String methods. I've used it with a []byte but not an io.Reader.
Related
i have a file. it has some ip
1.1.1.0/24
1.1.2.0/24
2.2.1.0/24
2.2.2.0/24
i read this file to slice, and used *(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&b)) to parse []byte to string, but is doesn't work
func TestInitIpRangeFromFile(t *testing.T) {
filepath := "/tmp/test"
file, err := os.Open(filepath)
if err != nil {
t.Errorf("failed to open ip range file:%s, err:%s", filepath, err)
}
reader := bufio.NewReader(file)
ranges := make([]string, 0)
for {
ip, _, err := reader.ReadLine()
if err != nil {
if err == io.EOF {
break
}
logger.Fatalf("failed to read ip range file, err:%s", err)
}
t.Logf("ip:%s", *(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&ip)))
ranges = append(ranges, *(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&ip)))
}
t.Logf("%v", ranges)
}
result:
task_test.go:71: ip:1.1.1.0/24
task_test.go:71: ip:1.1.2.0/24
task_test.go:71: ip:2.2.1.0/24
task_test.go:71: ip:2.2.2.0/24
task_test.go:75: [2.2.2.0/24 1.1.2.0/24 2.2.1.0/24 2.2.2.0/24]
why 1.1.1.0/24 changed to 2.2.2.0/24 ?
change
*(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&ip))
to string(ip) it works
So, while reinterpreting a slice-header as a string-header the way you did is absolutely bonkers and has no guarantee whatsoever of working correctly, it's only indirectly the cause of your problem.
The real problem is that you're retaining a pointer to the return value of bufio/Reader.ReadLine(), but the docs for that method say "The returned buffer is only valid until the next call to ReadLine." Which means that the reader is free to reuse that memory later on, and that's what's happening.
When you do the cast in the proper way, string(ip), Go copies the contents of the buffer into the newly-created string, which remains valid in the future. But when you type-pun the slice into a string, you keep the exact same pointer, which stops working as soon as the reader refills its buffer.
If you decided to do the pointer trickery as a performance hack to avoid copying and allocation... too bad. The reader interface is going to force you to copy the data out anyway, and since it does, you should just use string().
I want to wrap Read function net.Conn.Read(). The purpose of this to read the SSL handshake messages. https://pkg.go.dev/net#TCPConn.Read
nc, err := net.Dial("tcp", "google.com:443")
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
tls.Client(nc, &tls.Config{})
Are there any ways to do?
Thanks in advance
Use the following code to intercept Read on a net.Conn:
type wrap {
// Conn is the wrapped net.Conn.
// Because it's an embedded field, the
// net.Conn methods are automatically promoted
// to wrap.
net.Conn
}
// Read calls through to the wrapped read and
// prints the bytes that flow through. Replace
// the print statement with whatever is appropriate
// for your application.
func (w wrap) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
n, err := w.Conn.Read()
fmt.Printf("%x\n", p[:n]) // example
return n, err
}
Wrap like this:
tnc, err :=tls.Client(wrap{nc}, &tls.Config{})
The previous answer gets the job done indeed.
However I would recommend Liz Rice's talk: GopherCon 2018: Liz Rice - The Go Programmer's Guide to Secure Connections
Going through her code in Github, you might find a more elegant way to achieve what you want.
Start with the client code on line 26.
I am making a go program where I need to write a gob to a file. I used the .String() method to convert the gob to a string.
var network bytes.Buffer
encoder := gob.NewEncoder(&network)
_ = encoder.Encode(valueToEncode)
gobString := network.String()
then I will write the gob to a file, and later I will retrieve it and send it to this program:
var filebytes = []byte(file) //i think that these two lines are the issue
network := bytes.NewBuffer(filebytes)
decoder := gob.NewDecoder(network)
var decoded interface{}
_ := decoder.Decode(&decoded)
but when i run this, it gives me this error:
gob: encoded unsigned integer out of range
I think the issue is with the first two lines of the decoder program. So what should I put to properly decode the gob?
EDIT:
What I want is a .UnString() method for the gobString. How can i achieve that?
The encoding/gob generates binary data from Go values. The result is not for textual representation, so you should not treat it as a string, but as a series of bytes, e.g. []byte.
That said, do not use Buffer.String() but rather Buffer.Bytes() if you must obtain the encoded data.
Here's an example encoding and decoding a string value using encoding/gob:
// ENCODE
var network bytes.Buffer
encoder := gob.NewEncoder(&network)
valueToEncode := "Hello, 世界"
if err := encoder.Encode(valueToEncode); err != nil {
panic(err)
}
gobData := network.Bytes() // Save / serialize this byte slice
// DECODE
network2 := bytes.NewBuffer(gobData)
decoder := gob.NewDecoder(network2)
var decoded string
if err := decoder.Decode(&decoded); err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.PrintTln(decoded)
Output (try it on the Go Playground):
Hello, 世界
Also note that if you intend to write the encoded data into a network connection or a file, you don't need bytes.Buffer, you can directly encode to those. If you must use bytes.Buffer, you may also use its Buffer.WriteTo() method to write its contents into an io.Writer (such as a file or network connection).
I'm trying to marshal an array into a string, separating all elements with newlines. I'm running out of memory and think about a more efficient way to do this.
buffer := ""
for _, record := range all_data {
body, _ := json.Marshal(record)
buffer += string(body) + "\n" // i run out of memory here
Question:
Is there a way to append a newline character to a byte array? Right now I'm casting via string(body), but I think that this operation allocates a lot of memory (but maybe I'm wrong).
Assuming your data isn't inherently too big for the computer it's running on, the problem is likely the inefficient building of that string. Instead you should be using a bytes.buffer and then callings it's String() method. Here's an example;
var buffer bytes.Buffer
for _, record := range all_data {
body, _ := json.Marshal(record)
buffer.Write(body)
buffer.WriteString("\n")
}
fmt.Println(buffer.String())
To add to evanmcdonnal's answer: you don't even need an intermediate buffer created by json.Marshal:
var buf bytes.Buffer
enc := json.NewEncoder(&buf)
for _, record := range allData {
if err := enc.Encode(record); enc != nil {
// handle error
}
buf.WriteString("\n") // optional
}
fmt.Println(buf.String())
https://play.golang.org/p/5K9Oj0Xbjaa
I am building a Go application that takes an http.Response object and saves it (response headers and body) to a redis hash. When the application receives an http.Response.Body that is not gzipped, I want to gzip it before saving it to the cache.
My confusion stems from my inability to make clear sense of Go's io interfaces, and how to negotiate between http.Response.Body's io.ReadCloser and the gzip Writer. I imagine there is an elegant, streaming solution here, but I can't quite get it to work.
If you've already determined the body is uncompressed, and if you need a []byte of the compressed data (instead of for example already having an io.Writer you could write to, e.g. if you wanted to save the body to a file then you'd want to stream into the file not into a buffer) then something like this should work:
func getCompressedBody(r *http.Response) ([]byte, error) {
var buf bytes.Buffer
gz := gzip.NewWriter(&buf)
if _, err := io.Copy(gz, r.Body); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
err := gz.Close()
return buf.Bytes(), err
}
(this is just an example and would probably be in-line instead of as a function; if you wanted it as a fuction then it should probably take an io.Reader instead of an *http.Response).