What is the difference between main and mainCRTStartup? - winapi

Question

I'm trying to understand how substituting a different entry point for WinMain works in the Microsoft toolchain.
I already found this question and it was super helpful, but one last detail is nagging at me.
The first time I changed the Linker>Advanced>Entry Point option in Visual Studio, I set it to main by mistake and my program compiled and ran fine. I realized it later and rebuilt the program with it set to mainCRTStartup, as the accepted answer in the linked question suggests, and didn't find anything different.
So, my question is: is there any difference at all between main and mainCRTStartup, and if so, what is the difference?

Answer 1

main() is the entrypoint of your C or C++ program. mainCRTStartup() is the entrypoint of the C runtime library. It initializes the CRT, calls any static initializers that you wrote in your code, then calls your main() function.
Clearly it is essential that both the CRT and your own initialization is performed first. You can suffer from pretty hard to diagnose bugs if that doesn't happen. Maybe you won't, it is a crap-shoot. Something you can test by pasting this code in a small C++ program:
class Foo {
public:
Foo() {
std::cout << "init done" << std::endl;
}
} TestInit;
If you change the entrypoint to "main" then you'll see that the constructor never gets called.
This is bad.

Answer 2

In VS2017,create a console C++ application:
#include "pch.h"
#include <iostream>
int func()
{
return 1;
}
int v = func();
int main()
{
}
set a breakpoint in main() and begin debug,then the call stack is like:
testCppConsole.exe!main() Line 8 C++
testCppConsole.exe!invoke_main() Line 78 C++
testCppConsole.exe!__scrt_common_main_seh() Line 288 C++
testCppConsole.exe!__scrt_common_main() Line 331 C++
testCppConsole.exe!mainCRTStartup() Line 17 C++
kernel32.dll!#BaseThreadInitThunk#12() Unknown
ntdll.dll!__RtlUserThreadStart() Unknown
ntdll.dll!__RtlUserThreadStart#8() Unknown
So the program entry point is mainCRTStartup,it finally calls the C entry point main(),and the value of v will be 1.
Now set Linker>Advanced>Entry Point to "main" and begin debug,now the call stack is:
> testCppConsole.exe!main() Line 8 C++
kernel32.dll!#BaseThreadInitThunk#12() Unknown
ntdll.dll!__RtlUserThreadStart() Unknown
ntdll.dll!__RtlUserThreadStart#8() Unknown
So main() become the program entry point,and for this time the value of v will be 0,because CRT init functions are not called at all,so func() won't be called.
Now modify the code to :
#include "pch.h"
#include <iostream>
extern "C" int mainCRTStartup();
extern "C" int entry()
{
return mainCRTStartup();
}
int func()
{
return 1;
}
int v = func();
int main()
{
}
and set Linker>Advanced>Entry Point to "entry" and begin debug,now the call stack is:
> testCppConsole.exe!main() Line 14 C++
testCppConsole.exe!invoke_main() Line 78 C++
testCppConsole.exe!__scrt_common_main_seh() Line 288 C++
testCppConsole.exe!__scrt_common_main() Line 331 C++
testCppConsole.exe!mainCRTStartup() Line 17 C++
testCppConsole.exe!entry() Line 10 C++
kernel32.dll!#BaseThreadInitThunk#12() Unknown
ntdll.dll!__RtlUserThreadStart() Unknown
ntdll.dll!__RtlUserThreadStart#8() Unknown
and v will be 1 again.Program entry point is entry(),it calls mainCRTStartup() which call CRT init funtions which calls func() to init v,and mainCRTStartup() finally calls main().