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It is my understanding that COCOMO II model provides only one-point estimate. So, is it possible to come up with a confidence level when using COCOMO II model? What I am looking for is something like "with 95% confidence, it will take from xxx hours to yyy hours to complete a project."
Thanks,
Long
Dr. Barry Boehm, father of COCOMO II, responded to this question via email and I would like to share it here. By default, the confidence interval of COCOMO II model is +/-25%.
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It was asked by a interviewer.
The target is to Design a train tickets Reservation system. If the train go through 5 stations(e.g. A,B,C,D,E). We could sell tickets from A-E or A-B, if a ticket from A-B is sold, we could go on sell tickets between B-E.
The question is which data structure is suitable to present the seats? It should show which section is available for sale.
Thanks for help!
To be quite honest, "that interviewer's question, at least as it has been presented by you, makes very little sense." (Maybe the interviewer provided more details at-the-time that you have since forgotten.)
But the basic idea should be: "what is the fact that you need to represent?" Well, in this case, the "fact" is that user_X, on this_train, has a ticket to go from_station A, to_station B ... where "A" and "B" are enumerations such that you can easily determine when two stations "overlap."
From this, you can then proceed to define the various "bright-line rules" that the reservation system must be able to apply. For instance: "how many existing reservations overlap a certain range-of-stops?" (This will allow you to determine if the seat-capacity of the train would be exceeded.)
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On a recent project, with roughly 6,000 hours of development, a little over 1,000 hours has gone towards "debugging"/"fixes"... does this sound to be acceptable, high or low??
I also understand that this is a rather dynamic question, while also requesting a rather simply answer, however, I'm just looking for a rough estimate/average based on past project experiences : )
Grateful for any and all input~!!
Pressman (2000) gives 30-40% as the total amount of project time for integration, testing an debugging, so your figures look a little low - but it depends on how you calculate it!
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I am new for this Responsibility, however I have analyzed many projects as a Software Developer and given time estimation of the task.
But it is difficult when you are Team leader and don't know about your developers skills. because sometimes it requires R & D stuff. So at that time do not judge the estimation.
There are also some models available for this like 'COCOMO Model'.
But Is it feasible to use this kind of model or any other technique for better Time Estimation.
Describe the task to each programmer and ask him to give three times. How long does each of them think the team will take.
ultrafast time, likely time and worst case time.
do the following sum for all programmers
1 * ultra + 3 * likely + 1 * worst
divide by
(ammount of programmers * 5)
Use this as your estimation.
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GW-Basic was my first programming language. And i never found out what the 'GW' stands for.
From the Wikipedia article:
There are several theories on what the
initials "GW" stand for. Greg Whitten,
an early Microsoft employee who
developed the standards in the
company's BASIC compiler line, says
Bill Gates picked the name GW-BASIC.
Whitten refers to it as Gee-Whiz BASIC
and is unsure if Gates named the
program after him. The Microsoft
User Manual from Microsoft Press also
refers to it by this name.
It may have also been nicknamed
Gee-Whiz because it had a large
number of graphics commands.
Other common theories as to the
initials' origins include "Graphics
and Windows", "Gates, William"
(Microsoft's president at the time),
or "Gates-Whitten" (the two main
designers of the program).
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In our projects we are often asked to give ball park estimates for activities. My question does it really help in taking decisions based on the estimate.
Yes as pointed out above.
No if the client later says "Oh, but that's much more than the X days you initially estimated"
You need to be careful in explaining and agreeing on what "ballpark" really means
Yes .. it can help to give rough estimates to the client but later on these estimates can show upto +/- 50% variation.
But it can help to gauge the size of the project and roughly manday efforts
Something to add to the existing responses.
Pros:
Helpful for a teamleader to assess
the number of resources needed for a
set of activities.
Useful to assess
whether a task would fit in a pre
defined timeline
Cons:
Very rough estimate
Need to be very careful while sharing with the customer.
I often use these ballpark estimates to give a quick price quote to a client, when based on models such as WMFP or COCOMO-II they can also help me make an unbiased assessment.