I would like to know how much current is consumed by multiplication operation in Arduino (ATMega328P) microcontroller. As per ATMega328p datasheet, multiplication operation takes 2 cycles. I have to now convert it to current.
Please let me know how to calculate it. Attached is ATMega328p datasheet for frequency versus current graph.
Multiplication operation didn't consume any energy itself. It doesn't matter if ATmega multiply something or not. If MCU is up and running program (doesn't matter what is he doing - add, subtract, multiply, cycling or just doing nothing (NOP operations)) - it consume some power, and the value of consumption you can extract from your graph (if it is correct).
So, on 5V supply and 16MHz it will consume about 9 mA. This is MINIMAL possible power consumption.
Note, that power consumption of the ATmeaga chip is also depends on the working timers, ADC, SPI and other peripheral components inside the chip. Consumption depends on them if they turned on or not (turned off), if they are clocked and also depends on clock frequency. And consumption will increase with each active peripheral component. Also if you have LEDs connected to pins or power supply, other active components, connected to the ATmega or just on the same board connected to power supply, the power consumption will increase.
Related
I have a fpga that is taking in serial data at a bit rate of say 4.8 kbps.
Now I am not sure what clock frequency my fpga should run at to properly handle the data.
Will the clock speed simply need to be at minimum 4800 Hz?
It goes the other way round: you first have to determine how many clock cycles you need to process a single input "tick". If one cycle is enough to complete your processing, then 4800 Hz might be fine.
But if you need two cycles, then you would probably go with double speed.
This is a pretty generic answer, but your question is also pretty generic, so this is probably the best you can hope for without enhancing your input.
Will the clock speed simply need to be at minimum 4800 Hz?
Theoretical: yes, practical: no.
Theoretical.
You can receive a 4800 Hz signal with a 4800Hz clock but only if the clock is the exact right frequency. (The 4800 Hz will deviate, no clock is perfect). For that you would need something like a PLL which is in a measurement feedback loop looking at the signal en keeping the clock in step.
Practical.
Much easier is to use e.g. a 1MHz FPGA clock and use over-sampling. Even then you have the same problems as with a dedicated clock: you need to know where the bit boundaries are. Again some sort of clock locking or edge recognition mechanism is required. In fact you have to build the equivalent of a PLL but you can do it all using registers and counters.
When running at 1MHz (which is very slow for an FPGA) you have plenty of clock cycles to process your data.
Both methods depend on the protocol you are using which you did not mention. They are only possible for some type of signals/serial protocols. For example if signals are low or high for many clock cycles that would cause problems for either method.
On a 32 bit microcontroller , I want to measure exection time of a code for different operating frequencies of microcontroller. First of all I used Periodic timer (PIT), but it did not provide high resolution, because if I operate PIT at high frequency then its counter got overflow. So I shifted to System timer (STM), because it can run at system clock. but at different operating frequencies of microcontroller, STM give same execution time of code. Could any of you help me in this matter. Thanks
I realize this is an old question, but if this doesn't need to be done in the system "real time," I would just toggle a port pin when entering and exiting the function and use an oscilloscope to measure the time. I'm assuming that you just want to do this for software testing.
If you need to do it "real time" (in the application code), then you'll need to multiply your STM timer value by the microcontroller clock's period. The timer value for the function execution should always be the same (with some exceptions) regardless of the micro's clock frequency. (i.e. the timer's speed will change with clock frequency in the same way your code's execution speed will change)
I am designing a processor using an Altera DE1 kit.
I will be running test bench to stress the processor.
I want to know if there is any way to measure only the power consumption of my design and neglecting the other power dissipation caused by the DE1 board.
TIA for the answer.
Measure power at an idle state. The idle state can be many things. This needs to be decided by you:
The board operating when the FPGA is not programmed (no bitstream loaded).
FPGA loaded, but you hold down the reset for the logic.
Place the FPGA in some kind of suspended state (sleep mode).
Now that you have your reference power measurement, measure the power with your design running fully. Subtract one from the other, and you will have a result which is close to what you are searching for (The board may consume differently, at each idle state, than it would have been when running normally with your design).
You should be able to replace the 0-Ohm resistor R29 by a shunt resistor and measure the core current of the fpga through that. It's right in series with VCCINT so it should reflect only the current used by the fpga logic.
There's also R30 in series with VCCIO, if you want to include IO power consumption as well.
The resistor names are from this schematic (the only one I could find so far): http://d1.amobbs.com/bbs_upload782111/files_33/ourdev_586508CWZW3R.pdf
I am designing a processor based on the Altera DE1 board. My biggest concern is power management. I understand that DE1 board has 3 clock inputs and an external clock input that may be used in my design. However, I would be using only one of these at a time.
Is there any way to turn unused clocks off and only turn them on once they are needed? From the user manual, clock enable for the 3 clock inputs are shorted to Vcc.
The power consumption of the 3 external clock generators are unlikely to be the biggest power drains in a system using the DE1 boards, since you are very likely to have many other unused parts on the DE1 board that will consume even more power than the extra clock generators.
If the a clock is unused inside the FPGA, then the power consumption in the FPGA by having a clock signal input is going to be minimal, since the clock is not distributed internally in the FPGA, thus not burning much power.
I'm trying to do an experiment to see how different on-chip temperatures affect the frequency of ring oscillator. I know that as the temperature increases, the frequency of the ring oscillator also decreases. But I don't know how much it will decrease for every 1 degree Celsius increase. And that's why I want to do the experiment. I'm planning to implement the ring oscillator in a Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA board (ML501, ML506, or ML510) because those are the only boards that I have. Does anyone know how I can get an accurate reading of the on-chip temperature in Virtex-5?
You're in luck -the V5 was the first generation to support the system monitor block.
You can use chipscope to read back the temperature live, or else instantiate the sysmon and read the temperature out from register 0.