I am implementing the each method on my own. I am supposed to explicitly return self before closing the method. This is my code:
module Enumerable
def my_each
for i in self
yield i
end
#self
end
end
[1,2,3,4].my_each {|x| x + 1} # => [1,2,3,4]
Why does the code still return the receiver even though I did not explicitly return self on the last line?
why does the code still return self even though I did not explicitly return self on the last line?
If you don't specify a return value explicitly, a method will return the last expression evaluated. The last expression in your method is the for loop.
From its documentation:
The result value of a for loop is the value iterated over unless break is used.
Examples:
for i in 1..10
end
#=> 1..10
for i in [1, 2, 3]
end
#=> [1, 2, 3]
for i in [1, 2, 3]
break :foo
end
#=> :foo
Related
I have:
class Thing
def initialize
#array = [[0, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1]]
end
end
thing = Thing.new
The normal way to access an element in #array is to use [] as in:
#array[0][1] # => 0
I am trying to overwrite [] so as to get results like this:
position_array = [0, 1]
#array[position_array] # => 0
This is my attempt:
class Thing
def [](position_array)
index_row, index_col = position_array
#array[index_row][index_col]
end
def get_value(position_array)
#array[position_array] # doesn't work
# self[position_array] # does work
end
end
thing.get_value([0, 1])
# >> 'get_value': no implicit conversion of Array into Integer (TypeError)
Why do I need to index the Thing object in order to index #array?
Just think of message and receiver.
#array[position_array] sends the message [] to the receiver #array. #array is an instance of Array, so the method Array#[] gets invoked.
self[position_array] sends the message [] to the receiver self. Within instance methods, self refers to that instance. And because self is an instance of Thing, the method Thing#[] gets invoked.
Since Thing is a subclass of Object and not a subclass of Array (nothing wrong here, you shouldn't subclass Array anyway), your implementation of [] does not override Array#[]. Both methods are totally independent of each other, just like String#[] or Hash#[].
This is how I would approach it:
class Thing
def initialize
#array = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
end
def [](i, j)
#array[i][j]
end
end
thing = Thing.new
thing[0, 1] #=> 2
thing[1, 1] #=> 5
You could use a prepended method to non-invasively override the [] method in Array by duck-typing the parameter passed to the [] method, and then calling the original if its not what you expect. Then you don't need a Thing object at all.
module MyArrayExtension
def [] (*param)
if param.size == 2
row, col = param
raise ArgumentError, 'Row must be an integer' if row.class != Integer
raise ArgumentError, 'Column must be an integer' if col.class != Integer
raise ArgumentError, "Element at row #{row} is not an array" if self[row].class != Array
self[row][col]
else
super
end
end
end
class Array
prepend MyArrayExtension
end
thing = [[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]
puts "The 2D array is: #{thing}"
puts "Extension used on the thing to get at element 1 of first array:"
puts thing[0,1]
puts '-' * 20
normal = [1,2,:blah,4,5]
puts "Normal array is #{normal}"
puts "Original [] method used to get the 3rd element:"
puts normal[2]
puts '-' * 20
puts "Using the extension on the non-2D array:"
puts normal[0,1]
The output of this program is:
The 2D array is: [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
Extension used on the thing to get at element 1 of first array:
2
--------------------
Normal array is [1, 2, :blah, 4, 5]
Original [] method used to get the 3rd element:
blah
--------------------
Using the extension on the non-2D array:
./test.rb:9:in `[]': Element at row 0 is not an array (ArgumentError)
from ./test.rb:35:in `<main>'
I am iterating over an array, and I'm wondering if there's a shorthand to refer to the receiver of #each (or #each_with_index) method from within the iteration.
self returns main.
You should be able to just reference it:
my_thing.each {|one_thing| puts my_thing }
This is pretty similar to the answer I gave here https://stackoverflow.com/a/45421168/2981429 but slightly different.
First off, you can create a scope with self bound to the array, and then execute the each in that scope:
[1].instance_exec do
# in this scope, self is the array
# thus we can use just 'each' because the self is inferred
each do |x|
# note that since 'class' is a special keyword,
# it needs to be explicitly namespaced on self
puts self.class, x
end
end
# => prints Array, 1
You can create a utility function to do this, if you want:
def bound_each(enumerable, &blk)
enumerable.instance_exec { each &blk }
end
bound_each([1]) { |x| puts self.class, x }
# prints Array, 1
You can call your each method within an Object#tap block and reference the original receiver like that.
[1, 2, 3].tap { |i| i.each { |j| p i.dup << j } }
# [1, 2, 3, 1]
# [1, 2, 3, 2]
# [1, 2, 3, 3]
#=> [1, 2, 3]
Here the receiving object is [1, 2, 3] and is passed to the block-variable i which we can use locally or in nested scopes such as each's block.
Avoid modifying the receiving object else you may end up with undesired results such as an infinite array. Using dup could allay this possibility.
This is an interesting question. As far as I know it's not possible – the closest I can come up with would be to use inject (or reduce) and explicitly pass the receiver as an argument. A bit pointless, but there might be a use-case for it that I'm not seeing:
a = [1,2,3]
a.inject(a) do |this, element|
this == a #=> true
this.include?(element) #=> true
this
end
Apart from looking a bit redundant, you have to be very sure to return this at the end of each iteration, as the return value will become this in the next iteration. For that reason (and the fact that you could just reference your collection in an each block, as in David's answer) I don't recommend using this.
Edit - as Simple Lime pointed out in the comments – I missed the obvious Enumerator#with_object, which has the same (rather pointless) effect, but without the drawback of having to return this at the end of each iteration. For example:
a = [1,2,3]
a.map.with_object(a) do |element, this|
this == a #=> true, for each iteration
end
I still don't recommend that you use this though.
Ok, reviewing Procs, lambdas, and blocks via this link.
Question on this code:
class Array
def iterate!
self.each_with_index do |n, i|
self[i] = yield(n)
end
end
end
array = [1, 2, 3, 4]
array.iterate! do |n|
n ** 2
end
puts array.inspect
Conceptually, I understand almost everything, except one line which is this:
self[i] = yield(n)
I get that this self in this line self.each_with_index do |n, i| means that it's a class method, right?
But why do we need to assign the parameters in yield(n) to self[i]?
Please explain in super basic way if you can.
(in other words, please be nice - which people generally are for most part here - just a little extra nervous that I'm not getting this which is making me feel stupid)
The method is iterate!, which is an instance method. self in self.each_with_index is the receiver of the method Enumerable#each_with_instance. Since self is the current instance of Array ([1,2,3,4] in your example), self. is not needed; i.e., you could (and imo, should) just write each_with_index do |n, i|.... In other words, self is the implied receiver when no explicit receiver is specified.
Regarding the line:
self[i] = yield(n)
for your example array = [1,2,3,4] your enumerator is:
enum = [1,2,3,4].each_with_index
#=> #<Enumerator: [1, 2, 3, 4]:each_with_index>
with elements
enum.to_a
#=> [[1, 0], [2, 1], [3, 2], [4, 3]]
The first element passed into block by Array#each is therefore [1,0], which is assigned to the block variables:
n = 1
i = 0
resulting in
self[0] = yield(1) => 1**2 => 1
and so on.
I'll try to explain in a super basic way.
I get that this self in this line self.each_with_index do |n, i| means
that it's a class method, right?
Nope. The meaning of self depends on the context. If self was in the class, it would refer to the class. But here self is in an instance method, so it refers to the instance (so each_with_index is also an instance method).
But why do we need to assign the parameters in yield(n) to self[i]?
The goal of iterate! is to modify the array in place. Since self refers to the instance, self[i] accesses the elements of the array that iterate! is being called on, thus modifying the array in place.
Also, I'm not sure what you mean by "parameters" here. yield(n) passes n to the block, runs the block, and returns the value.
self[i] = yield(n) reassigns the values in the array, to the block that was specified in
array.iterate! do |n|
n ** 2
end
which basically means, take the value of the array, and square it, save that value in the element of the array. So [1, 2, 3 , 4] becomes [1 ** 2, 2 ** 2, 3 ** 2, 4 ** 2] => [2, 4, 9, 16]
Self changes with(and actually is) the current context or surrounding object.
Since
self.each_with_index do |n, i|
...
is monkey patching the Array class and is within an instance method iterate!, self refers to the instance itself: in this case the array [1, 2, 3, 4].
You're probably thinking of this:
class some_class
def self.a_class_method
...
which is defined in the context of a class. So self is the class itself(which is also an object), not an instance of that class.
Since self is just the array [1, 2, 3, 4]
self[i] = yield(n)
is replacing each element of the array with results of the sent in block.
Here iterate! is an instance function of Array class and you have an array object.When you do
array.iterate! do |n|
n ** 2
end
You are passing a block 'do |n| n**2 end' to iterate! function.In the function you can access this block using yield.But as you can see block is expecting one parameter through |n| so you need to pass one parameter and the block code will return the square of it.
self[i] = yield(n)
self is being used in Array instance context.So it is modifying the values of array.
For more information please check this article:
http://geekdirt.com/blog/blocks-lambda-and-procs-in-ruby/
Why is it that if I call a conditional method without a block, I can do if foo? bar.baz, but with a block I have to do:
if foo?; bar.each { |n| n.baz } end
And how would I do the same with a multi-line block?
bar.each do |n|
n.quack
end
You can use and these constructions but how mentioned above it's not readable. You have to avoid writing unreadable code.
if true then [1, 2].map { |n| n * 2 } end
=> [2, 4]
[1, 2].map do |n|
n * 2
end if true
=> [2, 4]
[1, 2].map do |n|
n * 2
end if false
=> nil
The first version you provide will pass the result from bar.each execution to foo? so it expects foo? to take an argument.
Second version will do bar.each only if foo? is true.
I would advice you to use the following style:
if foo?
bar.each do |n|
n.quack
end
end
Which also answers your last question.
NOTE: if you actually expect to pass a single argument to foo? that is the result of the execution of the block, you better use a helper variable:
cond = bar.each do |n|
n.quack
end
if foo? cond
.. do stuff
end
I have a class Test:
class Test
attr_accessor :data
def initialize
#data = [0, 1, 2, 3]
end
def map
#data.map!{|i| i = yield i }
end
end
and I attempt to use it like:
a = Test.new
a.map{|i|
if(i==2)
i+=1
break i #<--- -This line is the focus
else
1
end
}
puts a.data
The output I expect is [1, 1, 3, 3]. Instead, I get [1, 1, 2, 3]. The last iteration of the block in map doesn't return the modified i.
I replaced break i with next i. This performed as I expected, and produced the output [1, 1, 3, 1].
How can I modify this piece of code (or, ideally the line I point out in my second code-snippet) so that I would get the output [1, 1, 3, 3]? In other words, how can I make the block finish, but pass one last value back to map? Is there a neat and readable way to do this (besides, say, toggling a boolean flag break_now)?
I'm assuming you're asking how to leave a block and make use of the last value that was calculated rather than how to calculate a specific set of numbers; for the latter, there is probably a clever one-liner.
How about something like this:
class Test
attr_accessor :data
def initialize
#data = [0, 1, 2, 3]
end
def modify
#data.map! {|i| yield i }
end
end
a = Test.new
a.modify do |i|
break i if #done
#done = i == 2
#done ? (i + 1) : 1
end
puts a.data
An additional thought—#map is an important method in Ruby with a specific interface. In your example you're violating the interface by modifying a field in Test. For this reason I've used the name #modify instead.
In general, you could get away with this by modifying the yielded values in place. For example, if your array consisted of Strings instead of Fixnums:
class Test
attr_accessor :data
def initialize
#data = %w{a b c d}
end
def map
#data.map! { |i| yield i }
end
end
a = Test.new
a.map do |i|
if i == 'c'
i.next!
break
else
'b'
end
end
p a.data #=> ["b", "b", "d", "d"]
The problem with your example is this:
Fixnum objects have immediate value. This means that when they are assigned or passed as parameters, the actual object is passed, rather than a reference to that object. Assignment does not alias Fixnum objects. There is effectively only one Fixnum object instance for any given integer value…
Fixnums can't be altered in-place, so your expression i += 1 in the lower block doesn't affect the value of i in the upper block. That's why you get 2 in your example but d in my example.
You have to do this:
a.map{ |i| (i % 2 == 0) ? i + 1 : i }
When you use map function you don't change 'a' variable, if you want change 'a' variable do this:
a.map!{ |i| (i % 2 == 0) ? i + 1 : i }
The new value of 'i' is the value return by the block, so don't do something like:
a.map{|i| i = 1 }
because if you do:
a.map{|i| i = 1; 5 }
the result will be:
[5, 5, 5, 5]