I have a struct type with a number of fields that all implement a Renderer interface. The field types implement the interface with pointer receivers. I would like to have a function that takes the field name and calls the Render method on that field. I am able to locate the field and get lots of information about it, but doing the type assertion seems to be biting me because of the pointer receivers. Here's some code that shows my problem:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"reflect"
)
type Renderer interface {
Render()
}
type First struct {
ExampleField Field
}
type Field []int
func (f *Field) Render() {
fmt.Println("Hello from first")
}
func main() {
f := First{
Field{1, 2, 3},
}
f.ExampleField.Render()
renderField("ExampleField", &f)
renderField2("ExampleField", &f)
}
func renderField(field string, f *First) {
structVal := reflect.ValueOf(*f)
renderType := reflect.TypeOf((*Renderer)(nil)).Elem()
fieldToRender := structVal.FieldByName(field)
fieldPtr := reflect.PtrTo(fieldToRender.Type())
fmt.Printf("Implements? %v\n", fieldPtr.Implements(renderType))
fmt.Printf("Addressable? %v\n", fieldToRender.CanAddr())
fieldInter := fieldToRender.Interface()
if renderer, ok := fieldInter.(Renderer); ok {
// Pointer receiver so this never gets called
fmt.Print("Able to cast")
renderer.Render()
}
}
func renderField2(field string, f *First) {
structVal := reflect.ValueOf(*f)
fieldToRender := structVal.FieldByName(field)
vp := reflect.New(reflect.TypeOf(fieldToRender))
vp.Elem().Set(reflect.ValueOf(fieldToRender))
vpAddr := vp.Elem().Addr()
typeVal := vpAddr.Interface()
fmt.Println(typeVal) // <main.Field Value>⏎
renderer := typeVal.(Renderer)
renderer.Render()
// interface conversion: *reflect.Value is not main.Renderer: missing method Render
}
renderField2 seems to get me close but Addr() gives me a *Reflect.Value and when I call Interface() that seems to be the underlying type instead. If I switch to a non-pointer receiver then the first function works. I found reflect value Interface and pointer receiver which seems to be almost exactly what I'm asking, and the question is answered but if I actually call the isZeroer method presented in the playground link it's always false so it doesn't actually seem to answer the question.
It seems like Addr is the key because it specifically mentions pointer receivers but I'm struggling to coerce it back into an interface.
Use this code:
func renderField(name string, f *First) {
structVal := reflect.ValueOf(f).Elem()
field := structVal.FieldByName(name).Addr().Interface()
if renderer, ok := field.(Renderer); ok {
renderer.Render()
}
}
The key point is to change:
structVal := reflect.ValueOf(*f)
to:
structVal := reflect.ValueOf(f).Elem()
The statement used in the question creates a non-addressable struct value. The fields in a non-addressable struct are also not addressable, therefore it's not possible to access the pointer receiver on the fields.
The statement used in this answer creates an addressable struct value.
Related
Given a function with a parameter (that is a pointer to a struct) I want to instantiate a type of this parameter.
For example, for this function:
func MyFunction(myStruct *MyStruct) {}
using reflection I want to create a variable that contains exactly same as x := &MyStruct{} would contain.
This is the code example:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"reflect"
)
type MyStruct struct {
}
func main () {
reflectedFunction := reflect.TypeOf(MyFunction)
argType := reflectedFunction.In(0)
reflectedParameter := reflect.New(argType)
actual := reflectedParameter.Interface()
fmt.Println(actual)
expected := &MyStruct{}
fmt.Println(expected)
}
func MyFunction(myStruct *MyStruct) {
}
If you execute it, you'll see that they contain different info:
0xc00000e028 // actual
&{} // expected
This question isn't about why I would like to do this, so please avoid recommending not doing it, etc.
In your code, actual is a interface{} value containing a *MyStruct. As the name and documentation indicate, reflectedParameter.Interface() returns an interface{}.
using reflection I want to create a variable that contains exactly same as x := &MyStruct{} would contain.
Then you'll have to type assert it:
actual := reflectedParameter.Elem().Interface().(*MyStruct)
reflect.New creates a pointer to a new zero value of the reflected type. In your example that type is already a *MyStruct, so the value of your actual winds up being a representation of a **MyStruct, as seen in https://play.golang.org/p/Nyuc0mYmgkZ. Taking the .Elem() of that results in the correct type again, but you end up with a nil pointer (*MyStruct)(nil).
You need to take the .Elem() if that first type if you want to create a new pointer value.
reflectedParameter := reflect.New(argType.Elem())
https://play.golang.org/p/QzwTFUH3HTs
reflectedFunction := reflect.TypeOf(MyFunction)
argType := reflectedFunction.In(0)
reflectedParameter := reflect.New(argType.Elem())
actual := reflectedParameter.Interface()
fmt.Printf("%#v\n", actual)
expected := &MyStruct{}
fmt.Printf("%#v\n", expected)
Which prints
&main.MyStruct{}
&main.MyStruct{}
I'm new to golang; however based on my current knowledge I understand that a value-type and a reference-type can both fulfill an interface. But it seems in regards to type assertion, how you return a struct does matter. See the following:
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
type SomeError interface {
Error() string
}
type ConcreteError struct{}
func (ConcreteError) Error() string {
return "?"
}
func returnPointer() SomeError {
return &ConcreteError{}
}
func returnVal() SomeError {
return ConcreteError{}
}
func main() {
pointer := returnPointer()
value := returnVal()
_, pointerWithPointer := pointer.(*ConcreteError);
_, pointerWithValue := pointer.(ConcreteError);
_, valueWithValue := value.(ConcreteError);
_, valueWithPointer := value.(*ConcreteError)
fmt.Printf("Returning a pointer, assert using (*ConcreteError): %v\n", pointerWithPointer); // true
fmt.Printf("Returning a pointer, assert using (ConcreteError): %v\n", pointerWithValue); // false
fmt.Printf("Returning a value, assert using (ConcreteError): %v\n", valueWithValue); // true
fmt.Printf("Returning a value, assert using (*ConcreteError): %v\n", valueWithPointer); // false
}
So if my understanding is correct, the user needs to know how the struct is returned to correctly assert its type?
I'm going to guess and assume the standard practice in golang is to always return a pointer to a struct(i.e like *PathError)?
link to play: here
So if my understanding is correct, the user needs to know how the struct is returned to correctly assert its type?
It depends. If you need the type assertion to pass - you surely need to know the exact type of the value. a and *a are different types.
I'm going to guess and assume the standard practice in golang is to always return a pointer to a struct(i.e like *PathError)?
No.
I'm running into a slight architectural problem with Golang right now that's causing me to copy/paste a bit more code than I'd prefer. I feel like there must be a solution, so please let me know if this is perhaps possible:
When I pass things through an interface {}-typed function parameter, I start getting errors such as "expected struct or slice", etc. ... even though what I passed was previously a struct or a slice. I realize that I could manually convert these to another type after receiving them in that function, but then that become tedious in instances such as this:
local interface type *interface {} can only be decoded from remote
interface type; received concrete type
... In this case, the receiving function seems like it'd need to be hard-coded to convert all interface {} items back to their respective original types in order to work properly, because the receiving function needs to know the exact type in order to process the item correctly.
Is there a way to dynamically re-type Golang interface {} typed variables back to their original type? Something like this, How to I convert reflect.New's return value back to the original type ... maybe?
EDIT: To clarify, basically, I'm passing &out to a function and it needs to be its original type by the time it reaches another inner function call.
Example code:
// NOTE: This is sort of pseudo-Golang code, not meant to be compiled or taken too seriously.
func PrepareTwoDifferentThings(keyA string, keyB string) {
var somethingA TypeA;
var somethingB TypeB;
loadFromCache(keyA, &somethingA, nil);
loadFromCache(keyB, &somethingB, nil);
fmt.Printf("Somethings: %v, %v", somethingA, somethingB);
}
func loadFromCache(key string, isNew, out interface {}, saveNewData interface {}) {
if err := cache.load(key, &out); err!=nil { // NOTE: Current issue is that this expects "&out" to be `TypeA`/`TypeB` not "interface {}", but I don't want to copy and paste this whole function's worth of code or whatever.
panic("oh no!");
}
if (saveNewData!=nil) {
cache.save(key, saveNewData); // This doesn't seem to care if "saveNewData" is "interface {}" when saving, but later cache fetches above using the "load()" method to an "interface {}"-typed `&out` parameter throw an exception that the "interface {}" type on `&out` does not match the original when it was saved here (`TypeA`/`TypeB`).
}
}
To change the type of an interface into its rightful type, you can use type assertions:
package main
import r "reflect"
type A struct {
Name string
}
func main() {
// No pointer
aa := A{"name"}
var ii interface{} = aa
bb := ii.(A)
// main.A
// Pointer
a := &A{"name"}
var i interface{} = a
b := *i.(*A)
// main.A
c := i.(*A)
// *main.A
d := r.Indirect(r.ValueOf(i)).Interface().(A)
// main.A
}
Playground 1
When using type assertions, you have to know the underlying type of your interface. In Go, there is no way to use type assertion with a dynamic type. reflect.Type is not a type, it's an interface representing a type. So no, you can't use it this way.
If you have several type possibilities, the solution is the type switch:
package main
import "fmt"
type TypeA struct {
A string
}
type TypeB struct {
B string
}
func doSomethingA(t TypeA) {
fmt.Println(t.A)
}
func doSomethingB(t TypeB) {
fmt.Println(t.B)
}
func doSomething(t interface{}) {
switch t := t.(type) {
case TypeA:
doSomethingA(t)
case TypeB:
doSomethingB(t)
default:
panic("Unrecognized type")
}
}
func main() {
a := TypeA{"I am A"}
b := TypeB{"I am B"}
doSomething(a)
// I am A
doSomething(b)
// I am B
}
Playground 2
It turns out that using JSON instead of Gob for serialization avoids the error that I was encountering entirely. Other functions can handle passing into interfaces, etc.
I have custom types Int64Array, Channel and ChannelList like:
type Int64Array []int64
func (ia *Int64Array) Scan(src interface{}) error {
rawArray := string(src.([]byte))
if rawArray == "{}" {
*ia = []int64{}
} else {
matches := pgArrayPat.FindStringSubmatch(rawArray)
if len(matches) > 1 {
for _, item := range strings.Split(matches[1], ",") {
i, _ := strconv.ParseInt(item, 10, 64)
*ia = append(*ia, i)
}
}
}
return nil
}
func (ia Int64Array) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
var items []string
for _, item := range ia {
items = append(items, strconv.FormatInt(int64(item), 10))
}
return fmt.Sprintf("{%s}", strings.Join(items, ",")), nil
}
type Channel int64
type ChannelList []Channel
How can I embed Int64Array to ChannelList such that I can call Scan and Value methods on it? I tried the following:
type ChannelList []Channel {
Int64Array
}
but I'm getting syntax error. What's important is to make sure ChannelList items are of type Channel, if this isn't possible via embedding I might just create stand-alone functions to be called by both ChannelList and Int64Array.
An anonymous (or embedded field) is found in a struct (see struct type), not in a type alias (or "type declaration").
You cannot embed a type declaration within another type declaration.
Plus, as illustrated by the answers to "Go: using a pointer to array", you shouldn't be using pointers to slice, use directly the slice themselves (passed by value).
Wessie kindly points out in the comments that (ia *Int64Array) Scan() uses pointer to a slice in order to mutate the underlying array referenced by said slice.
I would prefer returning another slice instead of mutating the existing one.
That being said, the Golang Code Review does mention:
If the receiver is a struct, array or slice and any of its elements is a pointer to something that might be mutating, prefer a pointer receiver, as it will make the intention more clear to the reader.
I am pretty new to go and I was playing with this notify package.
At first I had code that looked like this:
func doit(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
notify.Post("my_event", "Hello World!")
fmt.Fprint(w, "+OK")
}
I wanted to append newline to Hello World! but not in the function doit above, because that would be pretty trivial, but in the handler afterwards like this below:
func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
myEventChan := make(chan interface{})
notify.Start("my_event", myEventChan)
data := <-myEventChan
fmt.Fprint(w, data + "\n")
}
After go run:
$ go run lp.go
# command-line-arguments
./lp.go:15: invalid operation: data + "\n" (mismatched types interface {} and string)
After a little bit of Googling I found this question on SO.
Then I updated my code to:
func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
myEventChan := make(chan interface{})
notify.Start("my_event", myEventChan)
data := <-myEventChan
s:= data.(string) + "\n"
fmt.Fprint(w, s)
}
Is this what I was supposed to do? My compiler errors are gone so I guess that's pretty good? Is this efficient? Should you do it differently?
According to the Go specification:
For an expression x of interface type and a type T, the primary expression x.(T) asserts that x is not nil and that the value stored in x is of type T.
A "type assertion" allows you to declare an interface value contains a certain concrete type or that its concrete type satisfies another interface.
In your example, you were asserting data (type interface{}) has the concrete type string. If you are wrong, the program will panic at runtime. You do not need to worry about efficiency, checking just requires comparing two pointer values.
If you were unsure if it was a string or not, you could test using the two return syntax.
str, ok := data.(string)
If data is not a string, ok will be false. It is then common to wrap such a statement into an if statement like so:
if str, ok := data.(string); ok {
/* act on str */
} else {
/* not string */
}
Type Assertion
This is known as type assertion in golang, and it is a common practice.
Here is the explanation from a tour of go:
A type assertion provides access to an interface value's underlying concrete value.
t := i.(T)
This statement asserts that the interface value i holds the concrete type T and assigns the underlying T value to the variable t.
If i does not hold a T, the statement will trigger a panic.
To test whether an interface value holds a specific type, a type assertion can return two values: the underlying value and a boolean value that reports whether the assertion succeeded.
t, ok := i.(T)
If i holds a T, then t will be the underlying value and ok will be true.
If not, ok will be false and t will be the zero value of type T, and no panic occurs.
NOTE: value i should be interface type.
Pitfalls
Even if i is an interface type, []i is not interface type. As a result, in order to convert []i to its value type, we have to do it individually:
// var items []i
for _, item := range items {
value, ok := item.(T)
dosomethingWith(value)
}
Performance
As for performance, it can be slower than direct access to the actual value as show in this stackoverflow answer.
//an easy way:
str := fmt.Sprint(data)
As asked for by #ρяσѕρєя an explanation can be found at https://golang.org/pkg/fmt/#Sprint. Related explanations can be found at https://stackoverflow.com/a/44027953/12817546 and at https://stackoverflow.com/a/42302709/12817546. Here is #Yuanbo's answer in full.
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var data interface{} = 2
str := fmt.Sprint(data)
fmt.Println(str)
}
In addition to other answers, I think it's good to have a look at "type switch":
package main
import "fmt"
func printType(i interface{}) {
switch v := i.(type) {
case int:
fmt.Printf("type of %v is %v\n", i, v)
// type of 21 is int
case string:
fmt.Printf("type of %v is %v\n", i, v)
// type of hello is string
default:
fmt.Printf("type of %v is %v\n", i, v)
// type of true is bool
}
}
func main() {
printType(21)
printType("hello")
printType(true)
}
I hope it helps.
More information: https://go.dev/tour/methods/16