I needed to write a solution to write data on and then print RFID labels en-masse, each generated as .png images from a template python script and data taken from a database or excel file.
To print the program simply calls the relative system utility (CUPS on unix systems) using subprocess.check_call(print_cmd) passing the image file (saved on a ram-mounted file system for minimal disk usage)
Now, it also needs to run on Windows systems, but there is not really a decent system utility for that, and solutions under a similar question command line tool for print picture? don't account for print-job completion or if the job results in an error, the margins are all screwed and the image is always rotated 90 degrees for some reason.
How can I sanely print an image using a command or a script in Windows and wait for it to complete successfully or return an error if the job results in an error?
Possibly with no dependencies
If you can install dependencies, there are many programs that offer a solution out-of-the-box.
The only sane way i could find to solve this issue with no dependencies is by creating a powershell script to account for this
[CmdletBinding()]
param (
[string] $file = $(throw "parameter is mandatory"),
[string] $printer = "EXACT PRINTER NAME HERE"
)
$ERR = "UserIntervention|Error|Jammed"
$status = (Get-Printer -Name $printer).PrinterStatus.ToString()
if ($status -match $ERR){ exit 1 }
# https://stackoverflow.com/a/20402656/17350905
# only sends the print job to the printer
rundll32 C:\Windows\System32\shimgvw.dll,ImageView_PrintTo $file $printer
# wait until printer is in printing status
do {
$status = (Get-Printer -Name $printer).PrinterStatus.ToString()
if ($status -match $ERR){ exit 1 }
Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 100
} until ( $status -eq "Printing" )
# wait until printing is done
do {
$status = (Get-Printer -Name $printer).PrinterStatus.ToString()
if ($status -match $ERR){ exit 1 }
Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 100
} until ( $status -eq "Normal" )
I would then need to slightly modify the print subprocess call to
powershell -File "path\to\print.ps1" "C:\absolute\path\to\file.png"
Then there are a couple of necessary setup steps:
(discaimer, I don't use windows in english so i don't know how the english thigs are supposed to be called. i will use cursive for those)
create an example image, right click and then select Print
from the print dialog that opens then set up all the default options you want, like orientation, margins, paper type, etc etc for the specific printer you're gonna use.
Go to printer settings, under tools then edit Printer Status Monitoring
edit monitoring frequency to "only during print jobs". it should be disabled by default
in the next tab, modify polling frequency to the minimum available, 100ms during print jobs (you can use a lower one for the while not printing option
Assuming the following:
only your program is running this script
theres always only 1 printing job at a time for a given printer
the printer drivers were not written by a monkey and they actually report the current, correct printer status
This little hack will allow to print an image from a command and await job completion, with error management; and uses only windows preinstalled software
Further optimization could be done by keeping powershell subprocess active and only passing it scripts in the & "path\to\print.ps1" "C:\absolute\path\to\file.png" format, waiting for standard output to report an OK or a KO; but only if mass printing is required.
Having had to work on this again, just wanted to add a simpler solution in "pure" python using the pywin32 package
import time
import subprocess
from typing import List
try:
import win32print as wprint
PRINTERS: List[str] = [p[2] for p in wprint.EnumPrinters(wprint.PRINTER_ENUM_LOCAL)]
PRINTER_DEFAULT = wprint.GetDefaultPrinter()
WIN32_SUPPORTED = True
except:
print("[!!] an error occured while retrieving printers")
# you could throw an exception or whatever
# bla bla do other stuff
if "WIN32_SUPPORTED" in globals():
__printImg_win32(file, printer_name)
def __printImg_win32(file: str, printer: str = ""):
if not printer:
printer = PRINTER_DEFAULT
# verify prerequisites here
# i still do prefer to print calling rundll32 directly,
# because of the default printer settings shenaningans
# and also because i've reliably used it to spool millions of jobs
subprocess.check_call(
[
"C:\\Windows\\System32\\rundll32",
"C:\\Windows\\System32\\shimgvw.dll,ImageView_PrintTo",
file,
printer,
]
)
__monitorJob_win32(printer)
pass
def __monitorJob_win32(printer: str, timeout=16.0):
p = wprint.OpenPrinter(printer)
# wait for job to be sheduled
t0 = time.time()
while (time.time()-t0) < timeout:
ptrr = wprint.GetPrinter(p, 2)
# unsure about those flags, but definitively not errors.
# it seems they are "moving paper forward"
if ptrr["Status"] != 0 and ptrr["Status"] not in [1024,1048576]:
raise Error("Printer is in error (status %d)!" % ptrr["Status"])
if ptrr["cJobs"] > 0:
break
time.sleep(0.1)
else:
raise Error("Printer timeout sheduling job!")
# await job completion
t0 = time.time()
while (time.time()-t0) < timeout:
ptrr = wprint.GetPrinter(p, 2)
if ptrr["Status"] != 0 and ptrr["Status"] not in [1024,1048576]:
raise Error("Printer is in error (status %d)!" % ptrr["Status"])
if ptrr["cJobs"] == 0 and ptrr["Status"] == 0:
break
time.sleep(0.1)
else:
raise Error("Printer timeout waiting for completion!")
wprint.ClosePrinter(p)
return
useful additional resources
Print image files using python
Catch events from printer in Windows
pywin32's win32print "documentation"
I'm writing a script to automate some command line commands in Python. At the moment, I'm doing calls like this:
cmd = "some unix command"
retcode = subprocess.call(cmd,shell=True)
However, I need to run some commands on a remote machine. Manually, I would log in using ssh and then run the commands. How would I automate this in Python? I need to log in with a (known) password to the remote machine, so I can't just use cmd = ssh user#remotehost, I'm wondering if there's a module I should be using?
I will refer you to paramiko
see this question
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.connect(server, username=username, password=password)
ssh_stdin, ssh_stdout, ssh_stderr = ssh.exec_command(cmd_to_execute)
If you are using ssh keys, do:
k = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(keyfilename)
# OR k = paramiko.DSSKey.from_private_key_file(keyfilename)
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect(hostname=host, username=user, pkey=k)
Keep it simple. No libraries required.
import subprocess
# Python 2
subprocess.Popen("ssh {user}#{host} {cmd}".format(user=user, host=host, cmd='ls -l'), shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE).communicate()
# Python 3
subprocess.Popen(f"ssh {user}#{host} {cmd}", shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE).communicate()
Or you can just use commands.getstatusoutput:
commands.getstatusoutput("ssh machine 1 'your script'")
I used it extensively and it works great.
In Python 2.6+, use subprocess.check_output.
I found paramiko to be a bit too low-level, and Fabric not especially well-suited to being used as a library, so I put together my own library called spur that uses paramiko to implement a slightly nicer interface:
import spur
shell = spur.SshShell(hostname="localhost", username="bob", password="password1")
result = shell.run(["echo", "-n", "hello"])
print result.output # prints hello
If you need to run inside a shell:
shell.run(["sh", "-c", "echo -n hello"])
All have already stated (recommended) using paramiko and I am just sharing a python code (API one may say) that will allow you to execute multiple commands in one go.
to execute commands on different node use : Commands().run_cmd(host_ip, list_of_commands)
You will see one TODO, which I have kept to stop the execution if any of the commands fails to execute, I don't know how to do it. please share your knowledge
#!/usr/bin/python
import os
import sys
import select
import paramiko
import time
class Commands:
def __init__(self, retry_time=0):
self.retry_time = retry_time
pass
def run_cmd(self, host_ip, cmd_list):
i = 0
while True:
# print("Trying to connect to %s (%i/%i)" % (self.host, i, self.retry_time))
try:
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect(host_ip)
break
except paramiko.AuthenticationException:
print("Authentication failed when connecting to %s" % host_ip)
sys.exit(1)
except:
print("Could not SSH to %s, waiting for it to start" % host_ip)
i += 1
time.sleep(2)
# If we could not connect within time limit
if i >= self.retry_time:
print("Could not connect to %s. Giving up" % host_ip)
sys.exit(1)
# After connection is successful
# Send the command
for command in cmd_list:
# print command
print "> " + command
# execute commands
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command(command)
# TODO() : if an error is thrown, stop further rules and revert back changes
# Wait for the command to terminate
while not stdout.channel.exit_status_ready():
# Only print data if there is data to read in the channel
if stdout.channel.recv_ready():
rl, wl, xl = select.select([ stdout.channel ], [ ], [ ], 0.0)
if len(rl) > 0:
tmp = stdout.channel.recv(1024)
output = tmp.decode()
print output
# Close SSH connection
ssh.close()
return
def main(args=None):
if args is None:
print "arguments expected"
else:
# args = {'<ip_address>', <list_of_commands>}
mytest = Commands()
mytest.run_cmd(host_ip=args[0], cmd_list=args[1])
return
if __name__ == "__main__":
main(sys.argv[1:])
paramiko finally worked for me after adding additional line, which is really important one (line 3):
import paramiko
p = paramiko.SSHClient()
p.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy()) # This script doesn't work for me unless this line is added!
p.connect("server", port=22, username="username", password="password")
stdin, stdout, stderr = p.exec_command("your command")
opt = stdout.readlines()
opt = "".join(opt)
print(opt)
Make sure that paramiko package is installed.
Original source of the solution: Source
The accepted answer didn't work for me, here's what I used instead:
import paramiko
import os
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
# ssh.load_system_host_keys()
ssh.load_host_keys(os.path.expanduser('~/.ssh/known_hosts'))
ssh.connect("d.d.d.d", username="user", password="pass", port=22222)
ssh_stdin, ssh_stdout, ssh_stderr = ssh.exec_command("ls -alrt")
exit_code = ssh_stdout.channel.recv_exit_status() # handles async exit error
for line in ssh_stdout:
print(line.strip())
total 44
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 129 Dec 28 2013 .tcshrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 100 Dec 28 2013 .cshrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 Dec 28 2013 .bashrc
...
Alternatively, you can use sshpass:
import subprocess
cmd = """ sshpass -p "myPas$" ssh user#d.d.d.d -p 22222 'my command; exit' """
print( subprocess.getoutput(cmd) )
References:
https://github.com/onyxfish/relay/issues/11
https://stackoverflow.com/a/61016663/797495
Notes:
Just make sure to connect manually at least one time to the remote system via ssh (ssh root#ip) and accept the public key, this is many times the reason from not being able connect using paramiko or other automated ssh scripts.
I have used paramiko a bunch (nice) and pxssh (also nice). I would recommend either. They work a little differently but have a relatively large overlap in usage.
First: I'm surprised that no one has mentioned fabric yet.
Second: For exactly those requirements you describe I've implemented an own python module named jk_simpleexec. It's purpose: Making running commands easy.
Let me explain a little bit about it for you.
The 'executing a command locally' problem
My python module jk_simpleexec provides a function named runCmd(..) that can execute a shell (!) command locally or remotely. This is very simple. Here is an example for local execution of a command:
import jk_simpleexec
cmdResult = jk_simpleexec.runCmd(None, "cd / ; ls -la")
NOTE: Be aware that the returned data is trimmed automatically by default to remove excessive empty lines from STDOUT and STDERR. (Of course this behavior can be deactivated, but for the purpose you've in mind exactly that behavior is what you will want.)
The 'processing the result' problem
What you will receive is an object that contains the return code, STDOUT and STDERR. Therefore it's very easy to process the result.
And this is what you want to do as the command you execute might exist and is launched but might fail in doing what it is intended to do. In the most simple case where you're not interested in STDOUT and STDERR your code will likely look something like this:
cmdResult.raiseExceptionOnError("Something went wrong!", bDumpStatusOnError=True)
For debugging purposes you want to output the result to STDOUT at some time, so for this you can do just this:
cmdResult.dump()
If you would want to process STDOUT it's simple as well. Example:
for line in cmdResult.stdOutLines:
print(line)
The 'executing a command remotely' problem
Now of course we might want to execute this command remotely on another system. For this we can use the same function runCmd(..) in exactly the same way but we need to specify a fabric connection object first. This can be done like this:
from fabric import Connection
REMOTE_HOST = "myhost"
REMOTE_PORT = 22
REMOTE_LOGIN = "mylogin"
REMOTE_PASSWORD = "mypwd"
c = Connection(host=REMOTE_HOST, user=REMOTE_LOGIN, port=REMOTE_PORT, connect_kwargs={"password": REMOTE_PASSWORD})
cmdResult = jk_simpleexec.runCmd(c, "cd / ; ls -la")
# ... process the result stored in cmdResult ...
c.close()
Everything remains exactly the same, but this time we run this command on another host. This is intended: I wanted to have a uniform API where there are no modifications required in the software if you at some time decide to move from the local host to another host.
The password input problem
Now of course there is the password problem. This has been mentioned above by some users: We might want to ask the user executing this python code for a password.
For this problem I have created an own module quite some time ago. jk_pwdinput. The difference to regular password input is that jk_pwdinput will output some stars instead of just printing nothing. So for every password character you type you will see a star. This way it's more easy for you to enter a password.
Here is the code:
import jk_pwdinput
# ... define other 'constants' such as REMOTE_LOGIN, REMOTE_HOST ...
REMOTE_PASSWORD = jk_pwdinput.readpwd("Password for " + REMOTE_LOGIN + "#" + REMOTE_HOST + ": ")
(For completeness: If readpwd(..) returned None the user canceled the password input with Ctrl+C. In a real world scenario you might want to act on this appropriately.)
Full example
Here is a full example:
import jk_simpleexec
import jk_pwdinput
from fabric import Connection
REMOTE_HOST = "myhost"
REMOTE_PORT = 22
REMOTE_LOGIN = "mylogin"
REMOTE_PASSWORD = jk_pwdinput.readpwd("Password for " + REMOTE_LOGIN + "#" + REMOTE_HOST + ": ")
c = Connection(host=REMOTE_HOST, user=REMOTE_LOGIN, port=REMOTE_PORT, connect_kwargs={"password": REMOTE_PASSWORD})
cmdResult = jk_simpleexec.runCmd(
c = c,
command = "cd / ; ls -la"
)
cmdResult.raiseExceptionOnError("Something went wrong!", bDumpStatusOnError=True)
c.close()
Final notes
So we have the full set:
Executing a command,
executing that command remotely via the same API,
creating the connection in an easy and secure way with password input.
The code above solves the problem quite well for me (and hopefully for you as well). And everything is open source: Fabric is BSD-2-Clause, and my own modules are provided under Apache-2.
Modules used:
fabric : http://www.fabfile.org/
jk_pwdinput : https://github.com/jkpubsrc/python-module-jk-pwdinput
jk_simplexec : https://github.com/jkpubsrc/python-module-jk-simpleexec
Happy coding! ;-)
Works Perfectly...
import paramiko
import time
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
#ssh.load_system_host_keys()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect('10.106.104.24', port=22, username='admin', password='')
time.sleep(5)
print('connected')
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command(" ")
def execute():
stdin.write('xcommand SystemUnit Boot Action: Restart\n')
print('success')
execute()
You can use any of these commands, this will help you to give a password also.
cmd = subprocess.run(["sshpass -p 'password' ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null root#domain.com ps | grep minicom"], shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
print(cmd.stdout)
OR
cmd = subprocess.getoutput("sshpass -p 'password' ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null root#domain.com ps | grep minicom")
print(cmd)
Have a look at spurplus, a wrapper we developed around spur that provides type annotations and some minor gimmicks (reconnecting SFTP, md5 etc.): https://pypi.org/project/spurplus/
Asking User to enter the command as per the device they are logging in.
The below code is validated by PEP8online.com.
import paramiko
import xlrd
import time
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
loc = ('/Users/harshgow/Documents/PYTHON_WORK/labcred.xlsx')
wo = xlrd.open_workbook(loc)
sheet = wo.sheet_by_index(0)
Host = sheet.cell_value(0, 1)
Port = int(sheet.cell_value(3, 1))
User = sheet.cell_value(1, 1)
Pass = sheet.cell_value(2, 1)
def details(Host, Port, User, Pass):
time.sleep(2)
ssh.connect(Host, Port, User, Pass)
print('connected to ip ', Host)
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command("")
x = input('Enter the command:')
stdin.write(x)
stdin.write('\n')
print('success')
details(Host, Port, User, Pass)
#Reading the Host,username,password,port from excel file
import paramiko
import xlrd
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
loc = ('/Users/harshgow/Documents/PYTHON_WORK/labcred.xlsx')
wo = xlrd.open_workbook(loc)
sheet = wo.sheet_by_index(0)
Host = sheet.cell_value(0,1)
Port = int(sheet.cell_value(3,1))
User = sheet.cell_value(1,1)
Pass = sheet.cell_value(2,1)
def details(Host,Port,User,Pass):
ssh.connect(Host, Port, User, Pass)
print('connected to ip ',Host)
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command("")
stdin.write('xcommand SystemUnit Boot Action: Restart\n')
print('success')
details(Host,Port,User,Pass)
The most modern approach is probably to use fabric. This module allows you to set up an SSH connection and then run commands and get their results over the connection object.
Here's a simple example:
from fabric import Connection
with Connection("your_hostname") as connection:
result = connection.run("uname -s", hide=True)
msg = "Ran {0.command!r} on {0.connection.host}, got stdout:\n{0.stdout}"
print(msg.format(result))
I wrote a simple class to run commands on remote over native ssh, using the subprocess module:
Usage
from ssh_utils import SshClient
client = SshClient(user='username', remote='remote_host', key='path/to/key.pem')
# run a list of commands
client.cmd(['mkdir ~/testdir', 'ls -la', 'echo done!'])
# copy files/dirs
client.scp('my_file.txt', '~/testdir')
Class source code
https://gist.github.com/mamaj/a7b378a5c969e3e32a9e4f9bceb0c5eb
import subprocess
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Union
class SshClient():
""" Perform commands and copy files on ssh using subprocess
and native ssh client (OpenSSH).
"""
def __init__(self,
user: str,
remote: str,
key_path: Union[str, Path]) -> None:
"""
Args:
user (str): username for the remote
remote (str): remote host IP/DNS
key_path (str or pathlib.Path): path to .pem file
"""
self.user = user
self.remote = remote
self.key_path = str(key_path)
def cmd(self,
cmds: list[str],
strict_host_key_checking=False) -> None:
"""runs commands consecutively, ensuring success of each
after calling the next command.
Args:
cmds (list[str]): list of commands to run.
strict_host_key_checking (bool, optional): Defaults to True.
"""
strict_host_key_checking = 'yes' if strict_host_key_checking \
else 'no'
cmd = ' && '.join(cmds)
subprocess.run(
[
'ssh',
'-i', self.key_path,
'-o', f'StrictHostKeyChecking={strict_host_key_checking}',
'-o', 'UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null',
f'{self.user}#{self.remote}',
cmd
]
)
def scp(self, source: Union[str, Path], destination: Union[str, Path]):
"""Copies `srouce` file to remote `destination` using the
native `scp` command.
Args:
source (Union[str, Path]): Source file path.
destination (Union[str, Path]): Destination path on remote.
"""
subprocess.run(
[
'scp',
'-i', self.key_path,
str(source),
f'{self.user}#{self.remote}:{str(destination)}',
]
)
Below example, incase if you want user inputs for hostname,username,password and port no.
import paramiko
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
def details():
Host = input("Enter the Hostname: ")
Port = input("Enter the Port: ")
User = input("Enter the Username: ")
Pass = input("Enter the Password: ")
ssh.connect(Host, Port, User, Pass, timeout=2)
print('connected')
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command("")
stdin.write('xcommand SystemUnit Boot Action: Restart\n')
print('success')
details()