find a specific word in a string, case intensive - ruby - ruby

I am new to ruby, I am trying to write a method that checks if the word includes "hello" case insensitive e.g "HelLO" would still be true.

I can think of two approaches:
downcase before comparing
str = "HelLO"
str.downcase.include?('hello')
#=> true
use case-insensitive regular rexpression
str = "HelLO"
str.match?(/hello/i)
#=> true

I think the easiest approach is to downcase both string and do the comparing. Like this:
'HellO'.downcase.include?('hello')
# true

Related

Replace all words before the start of the first word (Regex and Ruby)

Here are my test cases.
Expected:
JUNKINFRONThttp://francium.tech should be http://francium.tech
JUNKINFRONThttp://francium.tech/http should be http://francium.tech/http
francium.tech/http should be francium.tech/http (unaffected)
Actual result:
http://francium.tech
francium.tech/http
http
I am trying to write a regex replace for this. I tried this,
text.sub(/.*http/,'http')
However, my second and third test cases fail because it searches till the end. It would help if the answer could also do the case insensitivity.
2.5.0 :001 > url = 'francium.tech/http'
=> "francium.tech/http"
2.5.0 :002 > url.sub(/^.*?(?=http)/i,'')
=> "http"
As per my original comments, you can use the pattern as shown below. If you want a really small performance gain, you can remove one step in the regex by using the second pattern instead. If you're especially concerned with performance, the last one performs even quicker.
^.*?(?=https?://)
^.*?(?=https?:/{2})
^.*?(?=ht{2}ps?:/{2})
See code in use here
strings = [
"JUNKINFRONThttp://francium.tech",
"JUNKINFRONThttp://francium.tech/http",
"francium.tech/http"
]
strings.each { |s| puts s.sub(%r{^.*?(?=https?://)}, '') }
Outputs the following:
http://francium.tech
http://francium.tech/http
francium.tech/http
I think this may solve your problem.
str1 = 'JUNKINFRONThttp://francium.tech'# should be http://francium.tech
str2 = 'JUNKINFRONThttp://francium.tech/http'# should be http://francium.tech/http
str3 = 'francium.tech/http' #should be francium.tech/http (unaffected)
str4 = 'JUNKINFRONThttps://francium.tech/http'# should be https://francium.tech/http
[str1, str2, str3, str4].each do |str|
puts str.gsub(/^.*(http|https):\/\//i, "\\1://")
end
Result:
http://francium.tech
http://francium.tech/http
francium.tech/http
https://francium.tech/http
When using regex you should make sure to use unique strings like http:\\ or better http:\\[SOMETHING].[AT_LEAST_TWO_CHARS][MAYBE_A_SLASH] and so on...
This works for your given cases:
str = ['JUNKINFRONThttp://francium.tech',
'JUNKINFRONThttp://francium.tech/http',
'francium.tech/http']
str.each do |str|
puts str.sub(/^.*?(https?:\/{2})/, '\1') # with capturing group
puts str.sub(/^.*?(?=https?:\/{2})/, '') # with positive lookahead
end
By using a group we can use it for the replacement, another method would be to use a positive lookahead

(Ruby) regex optional matches

I'm writing a Rack app to split hostnames ending with certain prefixes.
For example, the hostname (and port) hello.world.lvh.me:3000 needs to be split into tokens hello.world, .lvh.me and :3000. Additionally, the prefix (hello.world), suffix (.lvh.me) and port (:3000) are all optional.
So far, I have a (Ruby) regex that looks like /(.*)(\.lvh\.me)(\:\d+)?/.
This successfully breaks the hostname into component parts but it falls down when one or more of the optional components is missing, e.g. for hello.world:3000 or lvh.me:3000 or even plain old hello.world.
I've tried adding ? to each group to make them optional (/(.*)?(\.lvh\.me)?(\:(\d+)?/) but this invariably ends up with the first group, (.*), capturing the entire string and stopping there.
My gut feeling is that this is something which might be solved using lookaround but I'll admit this is a totally new realm of regex for me.
You can try with this pattern:
\A(?=[^:])(.+?)??((?:\.|\A)lvh\.me)?(:[0-9]+)?\z
the lookahead (?=[^:]) checks there is at least one character that is not the : (in other words, not the port alone). This means that at least hello.word or lvh.me is present.
The first group is optional and non-greedy ??, this means that it is matched only when needed.
\A and \z are anchors for the start and the end of the string (when ^ and $ are used for the line)
Note that the character class \d matches all unicode digits in Ruby, but in this case you only need ascii digits. It's better to use [0-9]
Note too that \A(?=[^:])((?>[^l:\n.]+|\.|\Bl|l(?!vh\.me\b))*)((?:\.|\A)lvh\.me)?(:[0-9]+)?\z may be more performant.
online demo
Try ^(.*?)?(\.?lvh\.me)?(\:\d+)?$
I added:
a ? to the first group making the * non-greedy
^,$ to anchor it to the start and end.
a ? to the \. before lvh because you want to match lvh.me:3000 not .lvh.me:3000
A Tokenizing Answer
Just for fun, I decided to see if there was a relatively simple way to do what you wanted without a complicated regular expression. The only regular expressions I used were for splitting and validation.
This works for me with your provided corpus, and several variations.
str = 'hello.world.lvh.me:3000'
tokens = str.split /[.:]/
port = tokens.last =~ /\A\d+\z/ ? ?: + tokens.pop : ''
domain = sprintf '.%s.%s', *tokens.pop(2)
prefix = tokens.join ?.
You'll certainly need to check for empty strings in certain cases, but it seems like it might be more straightforward and/or flexible than a pure regex solution. I find it more readable, anyway. If you truly need a single regular expression, though, I'm sure one of the other answers will help you out.
You could try splitting rather than matching,
irb(main):012:0> "hello.world.lvh.me:3000".split(/\.(?=[^.:]+\.[^:.]+(?::\d+)?$)|:/)
=> ["hello.world", "lvh.me", "3000"]
irb(main):013:0> "hello.world:3000".split(/\.(?=[^.:]+\.[^:.]+(?::\d+)?$)|:/)
=> ["hello.world", "3000"]
irb(main):014:0> "lvh.me:3000".split(/\.(?=[^.:]+\.[^:.]+(?::\d+)?$)|:/)
=> ["lvh.me", "3000"]
irb(main):015:0> "hello.world".split(/\.(?=[^.:]+\.[^:.]+(?::\d+)?$)|:/)
=> ["hello.world"]
irb(main):016:0> "hello.world.lvh.me".split(/\.(?=[^.:]+\.[^:.]+(?::\d+)?$)|:/)
=> ["hello.world", "lvh.me"]
Look, ma, no regex!
def split_up(str)
str.sub(':','.:')
.split('.')
.each_slice(2)
.map { |arr| arr.join('.') }
end
split_up("hello.world.lvh.me:3000") #=> ["hello.world", "lvh.me", ":3000"]
split_up("hello.world:3000") #=> ["hello.world", ":3000"]
split_up("hello.world.lvh.me") #=> ["hello.world", "lvh.me"]
split_up("hello.world") #=> ["hello.world"]
split_up("") #=> []
Steps:
str1 = "hello.world.lvh.me:3000" #=> "hello.world.lvh.me:3000"
str2 = str1.sub(':','.:') #=> "hello.world.lvh.me.:3000"
arr = str2.split('.') #=> ["hello", "world", "lvh", "me", ":3000"]
enum = arr.each_slice(2) #=> #<Enumerator: ["hello", "world", "lvh",
# "me", ":3000"]:each_slice(2)>
enum.to_a #=> [["hello", "world"], ["lvh", "me"],
# [":3000"]]
enum.map { |arr| arr.join('.') } #=> ["hello.world", "lvh.me", ":3000"]

How to ignore uppercase using start_with?

Is there a better way to ignore uppercase than this?
"Hello".start_with?("hell","Hell") #=> true
I want to check if a string element in an array starts with another string ignoring uppercase, like LIKE % in MySQL.
I would do something like this:
'Hello'.upcase.start_with?('HELL')
Another approach to the same problem. That's equivalent to do something like UPPER(column) like 'SOMETHING%' in SQL.
You could use a regular expression with String#=~:
"Hello" =~ /^hell/i #=> 0
"hELLO" =~ /^hell/i #=> 0
"world" =~ /^hell/i #=> nil
Since 0 is truthy and nil is falsy this can be used in an if clause:
if str =~ /^hell/i
# starts with hell
end
I think the best is to use Ruby's regex matching with ignore case flag:
'Hello'.match /^hell/i
The '^' designates the start of the string. Without it would match 'hell' anywhere in the string. And the last 'i' is just a regex flag to indicate matching with ignore case set.
You can find more info on Ruby Regex API here:
http://www.regular-expressions.info/ruby.html

How to replace the last occurrence of a substring in ruby?

I want to replace the last occurrence of a substring in Ruby. What's the easiest way?
For example, in abc123abc123, I want to replace the last abc to ABC. How do I do that?
How about
new_str = old_str.reverse.sub(pattern.reverse, replacement.reverse).reverse
For instance:
irb(main):001:0> old_str = "abc123abc123"
=> "abc123abc123"
irb(main):002:0> pattern="abc"
=> "abc"
irb(main):003:0> replacement="ABC"
=> "ABC"
irb(main):004:0> new_str = old_str.reverse.sub(pattern.reverse, replacement.reverse).reverse
=> "abc123ABC123"
"abc123abc123".gsub(/(.*(abc.*)*)(abc)(.*)/, '\1ABC\4')
#=> "abc123ABC123"
But probably there is a better way...
Edit:
...which Chris kindly provided in the comment below.
So, as * is a greedy operator, the following is enough:
"abc123abc123".gsub(/(.*)(abc)(.*)/, '\1ABC\3')
#=> "abc123ABC123"
Edit2:
There is also a solution which neatly illustrates parallel array assignment in Ruby:
*a, b = "abc123abc123".split('abc', -1)
a.join('abc')+'ABC'+b
#=> "abc123ABC123"
Since Ruby 2.0 we can use \K which removes any text matched before it from the returned match. Combine with a greedy operator and you get this:
'abc123abc123'.sub(/.*\Kabc/, 'ABC')
#=> "abc123ABC123"
This is about 1.4 times faster than using capturing groups as Hirurg103 suggested, but that speed comes at the cost of lowering readability by using a lesser-known pattern.
more info on \K: https://www.regular-expressions.info/keep.html
Here's another possible solution:
>> s = "abc123abc123"
=> "abc123abc123"
>> s[s.rindex('abc')...(s.rindex('abc') + 'abc'.length)] = "ABC"
=> "ABC"
>> s
=> "abc123ABC123"
When searching in huge streams of data, using reverse will definitively* lead to performance issues. I use string.rpartition*:
sub_or_pattern = "!"
replacement = "?"
string = "hello!hello!hello"
array_of_pieces = string.rpartition sub_or_pattern
( array_of_pieces[(array_of_pieces.find_index sub_or_pattern)] = replacement ) rescue nil
p array_of_pieces.join
# "hello!hello?hello"
The same code must work with a string with no occurrences of sub_or_pattern:
string = "hello_hello_hello"
# ...
# "hello_hello_hello"
*rpartition uses rb_str_subseq() internally. I didn't check if that function returns a copy of the string, but I think it preserves the chunk of memory used by that part of the string. reverse uses rb_enc_cr_str_copy_for_substr(), which suggests that copies are done all the time -- although maybe in the future a smarter String class may be implemented (having a flag reversed set to true, and having all of its functions operating backwards when that is set), as of now, it is inefficient.
Moreover, Regex patterns can't be simply reversed. The question only asks for replacing the last occurrence of a sub-string, so, that's OK, but readers in the need of something more robust won't benefit from the most voted answer (as of this writing)
You can achieve this with String#sub and greedy regexp .* like this:
'abc123abc123'.sub(/(.*)abc/, '\1ABC')
simple and efficient:
s = "abc123abc123abc"
p = "123"
s.slice!(s.rindex(p), p.size)
s == "abc123abcabc"
string = "abc123abc123"
pattern = /abc/
replacement = "ABC"
matches = string.scan(pattern).length
index = 0
string.gsub(pattern) do |match|
index += 1
index == matches ? replacement : match
end
#=> abc123ABC123
I've used this handy helper method quite a bit:
def gsub_last(str, source, target)
return str unless str.include?(source)
top, middle, bottom = str.rpartition(source)
"#{top}#{target}#{bottom}"
end
If you want to make it more Rails-y, extend it on the String class itself:
class String
def gsub_last(source, target)
return self unless self.include?(source)
top, middle, bottom = self.rpartition(source)
"#{top}#{target}#{bottom}"
end
end
Then you can just call it directly on any String instance, eg "fooBAR123BAR".gsub_last("BAR", "FOO") == "fooBAR123FOO"
.gsub /abc(?=[^abc]*$)/, 'ABC'
Matches a "abc" and then asserts ((?=) is positive lookahead) that no other characters up to the end of the string are "abc".

Ruby: String no longer mixes in Enumerable in 1.9

So how can I still be able to write beautiful code such as:
'im a string meing!'.pop
Note: str.chop isn't sufficient answer
It is not what an enumerable string atually enumerates. Is a string a sequence of ...
lines,
characters,
codepoints or
bytes?
The answer is: all of those, any of those, either of those or neither of those, depending on the context. Therefore, you have to tell Ruby which of those you actually want.
There are several methods in the String class which return enumerators for any of the above. If you want the pre-1.9 behavior, your code sample would be
'im a string meing!'.bytes.to_a.pop
This looks kind of ugly, but there is a reason for it: a string is a sequence. You are treating it as a stack. A stack is not a sequence, in fact it pretty much is the opposite of a sequence.
That's not beautiful :)
Also #pop is not part of Enumerable, it's part of Array.
The reason why String is not enumerable is because there are no 'natural' units to enumerate, should it be on a character basis or a line basis? Because of this String does not have an #each
String instead provides the #each_char and #each_byte and #each_line methods for iteration in the way that you choose.
Since you don't like str[str.length], how about
'im a string meing!'[-1] # returns last character as a character value
or
'im a string meing!'[-1,1] # returns last character as a string
or, if you need it modified in place as well, while keeping it an easy one-liner:
class String
def pop
last = self[-1,1]
self.chop!
last
end
end
#!/usr/bin/ruby1.8
s = "I'm a string meing!"
s, last_char = s.rpartition(/./)
p [s, last_char] # => ["I'm a string meing", "!"]
String.rpartition is new for 1.9 but it's been back-ported to 1.8.7. It searches a string for a regular expression, starting at the end and working backwards. It returns the part of the string before the match, the match, and the part of the string after the match (which we discard here).
String#slice! and String#insert is going to get you much closer to what you want without converting your strings to arrays.
For example, to simulate Array#pop you can do:
text = '¡Exclamation!'
mark = text.slice! -1
mark == '!' #=> true
text #=> "¡Exclamation"
Likewise, for Array#shift:
text = "¡Exclamation!"
inverted_mark = text.slice! 0
inverted_mark == '¡' #=> true
text #=> "Exclamation!"
Naturally, to do an Array#push you just use one of the concatenation methods:
text = 'Hello'
text << '!' #=> "Hello!"
text.concat '!' #=> "Hello!!"
To simulate Array#unshift you use String#insert instead, it's a lot like the inverse of slice really:
text = 'World!'
text.insert 0, 'Hello, ' #=> "Hello, World!"
You can also grab chunks from the middle of a string in multiple ways with slice.
First you can pass a start position and length:
text = 'Something!'
thing = text.slice 4, 5
And you can also pass a Range object to grab absolute positions:
text = 'This is only a test.'
only = text.slice (8..11)
In Ruby 1.9 using String#slice like this is identical to String#[], but if you use the bang method String#slice! it will actually remove the substring you specify.
text = 'This is only a test.'
only = text.slice! (8..12)
text == 'This is a test.' #=> true
Here's a slightly more complex example where we reimplement a simple version of String#gsub! to do a search and replace:
text = 'This is only a test.'
search = 'only'
replace = 'not'
index = text =~ /#{search}/
text.slice! index, search.length
text.insert index, replace
text == 'This is not a test.' #=> true
Of course 99.999% of the time, you're going to want to use the aforementioned String.gsub! which will do the exact same thing:
text = 'This is only a test.'
text.gsub! 'only', 'not'
text == 'This is not a test.' #=> true
references:
Ruby String Documentation

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