Has anybody used a proof assistant to prove soundness of a typed process calculus? [closed] - proof-system

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...And have they published the results where I can afford to read them?

There are several people doing things along those lines. Look through the papers at John Rushbie's PVS site, and look at Coq's papers.
Searching Citeseer will probably do some good too — almost everyone nowadays publishes their preprints to Citeseer, so a little looking around will usually get you the same paper, or something very very similar to the paper published in the expensive journal.

Ah, there is a proof of soundness for the process calculus underlying the Pict programming language in David N.Turner's thesis.

The Archive of Formal Proofs has several entries in the category "Process Calculi" listed in its topics, such as CCS and Pi Calculus.

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What is the best book to prepare for Data structures and algorithms from scratch to advance level? [closed]

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I am a beginner in programming world and i have basic knowledge in Python Java and good knowledge in C++. I have started learning web development in my summer break and i would like to start Data structures and Algorithms .
Please suggest some good reference/book/content for my Data structures and Algorithms learning.
welcome :)
Unfortunately, since this question does not have a fully objective answer (i.e. answers vary on opinions), it is not a very good idea to ask it on Stackoverflow.
There are really nice books which we all still get help from. You can find them on web with a basic search, read comments, and so on.
I don't believe that you can choose a disaster-like book for beginning your adventure, I mean, you will learn a lot somehow.
While you are learning, do not hesitate to ask if you face with something which you would need help, just be careful about its answer being objective :)

How do I get better at finding algorithms for problems? [closed]

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In programming, a lot of problems require you to find an efficient algorithm. So, if I want to be able to craft good algorithms that satisfy such criteria, what could I do? Is there any resources that help in training your algorithm development skills?
Help appreciated thanks!
Edit: I know that this question received hate, probably because it is not very agreeable to StackOverflow policies. Nevertheless, thanks Dylan Wright for taking the time to answer!
So most people are probably going to rip you apart for asking this question. No worries, just ignore. Algorithm go hand in hand with data structures in large amounts of data and/or some repetitive task. The key to the algorithm has a lot of different possibilities so there is no real straight forward answers. It mostly goes with what is the solution to what you are trying to improve. An algorithm is something as simple as parsing through an array of street addresses for your address application. To understand algorithms is really knowing what are common algorithms and how they work. Then you can educate yourself and maybe create one of your own. You should do some research on this.
To start look on blog sites like Medium.com
https://medium.com/#_marcos_otero/the-real-10-algorithms-that-dominate-our-world-e95fa9f16c04
Or just Google
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/top-algorithms-and-data-structures-for-competitive-programming/

How to prepare for Olympiad in Informatics [closed]

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I am a high school student who live out side of the USA.
So... please excuse any mistake.
I am planning to study for Olympiad in Informatics(I have never participated in this contest) and I am going to try on next year since it begin in April in our country I think I still have a time to prepare for it. And actually, I am kind of interested in data structure and algorithms . Although I cant get a good result from the contest, it would be worth experience to me.
However, there are no one who have ever participated in this contest in our school. So, I have no idea how to prepare.
I sure know how to code with python ,C ,C++ (but I am not good at it..)
So... If you guys know about it, please just give me some information. like books and way to prepare.
First research what the contest is about.
Learn your stuff. If it's algorithms, then I suggest something like Skiena, The Algorithm Design Manual. I think there's also a competitive programming book by Skiena.
Then practice. It looks like it might be similar to "classical" programming contest, so it would make sense to try:
- https://uva.onlinejudge.org/
- http://www.spoj.com/
- Any of the numerous online judge systems.

Artificial intelligence for strategy games like solarmax [closed]

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What would be the best approach to create the AI for a Real Time Strategy game? any books or tutorials that you like?
There is a good book by Peter Norvig on artificial intelligence: http://norvig.com/paip.html
And you can even take part in a free course by this author at Stanford on artificial intelligence in the next few months:
http://www.ai-class.com/
This might teach you the best approach to create a real AI system. However, maybe you want something simpler for a game.
A good place to start, especially since you mention Solarmax, would be the Google/University of Waterloo AI challenge from a while back called Planet Wars.
And most useful of all, you can find the analysis of the game from the guy who won the challenge here.
And another one here.

Studies involving the looks of software [closed]

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Have their been any studies related to the importance of how good a software looks in terms of perception or saleability?
I have a feeling this is much more important then people give it credit for, but I would really like to see some hard data to back it up.
The keywords you are after is "Human-Computer-Interaction". There is loads of studies in that area, I even spent a full semester at uni on the subject, where it was spoken of as "HCI".
However, they do focus on the usability of a software program. The perception of a software program does impact the usability, however, under the theory that the more familiar a program is to the user, the less difficulty the user will have with using it.
The saleability, however... I doubt that's even related to the software, let alone its user interface other than that it satisfies a checklist that the consumer may have.
Donald Norman has done a bunch on this, going as far as stating that "Good looking things work better". I'm currently reading his book "Emotional Design" and I'm finding myself slowly persuaded, though on first face I disagreed vehemently.

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