I worked on different projects in different countries and remarked that sometimes the code became internationalized, like
SetLargeurEtHauteur() (for SetWidthAndHeight, fr)
Dim _ListaDeObiecte as List(Of Object) (for _ObjectList, ro)
internal void SohranenieUserov() (for SaveUsers, ru)
etc.
It happens that in countries with Latin alphabet this mix is more pronounced, because there is no need of transliteration.
More than that, often the programming "jargon" is inspired by the project specifications language. There are cases that terms in "project language" have a meaning that is not "translatable" in English.
There are also projects on which works only, say a French team, uses French words (say, Personne, Vehicule, Projet etc).
In that cases I personally add in specifications a "Dictionary" that explains all business object names and only these objects are used in other (French) language.
Say:
Collectif - ensemble des Personnes;
All the actions(Get, Set, Update, Modify, Load, etc) are in English.
Now that "strong" names could be used in code:
AddPersonneToCollectif.
What is your approach to "internationalization"?
PS.
I was amused that VisualStudio compiles and runs projects in .NET with buttons named à la "btnAddÉlève" or "кпкСтоп"...
My personal approach, which is shared by many but not all in the programming community, is that source code should be in English and, if possible, all the development tools should be in English too.
The most important reason for this is being able to share your problems and solutions with the world (like we are doing now in StackOverflow, no less) without having to translate class names, error messages, paths and other artifacts every time.
It also helps consistency, because most libraries are written in English and having element names that mix two languages doesn't really help anyone, besides being a constant focus of internal conflicts when a verb like Add isn't always traslated.
English code also makes it easier to add foreign people to a project without worrying about comprehension and misunderstandings (especially between closely related languages, like Spanish and Portuguese, which have lots of false cognates)
A good link on this subject: http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2009/03/the-ugly-american-programmer.html
(In case anyone wonders, I'm south-american and English is not my primary language)
Even if everyone on the team is a good English speaker (which is not a given), they may not necessarily know the English equivalent of all the business terminology.
I think it's a project-specific decision what to allow, but I would generally tolerate and in some cases encourage business terms (e.g. entity names) in the local language, but not technical terms (i.e. not Largeur/Hauteur instead of Width/Height).
For example in the financial world in France, everyone knows what is meant by OPCVM and FCP - if you attempt English translations you might end up with more misunderstandings than you do by allowing mixed languages.
I have the same issue with Norwegian currently. I guess it depends on your position in the project, the available time and the role of the software.
In my case, I have decided to keep all terms in an existing protocol and library I am working with in Norwegian, as I can reasonably expect that generations of administrative workers have gotten used to these, and since the library depends on the protocol. In a library wrapper for an international project, I have translated each method name literally, and added an English language documentation of the method.
Comments and documentation on the code are in English.
If designing a software from scratch, I would try to find English terms for all method names and even business terms (if reasonable. I can hardly think of an example where no term can be found though.), to keep it "portable".
If you're writing code that you may be used internationally one day, write it in English. In doubt, write it in English, even comments if you can (although I suppose you can add a few comments in the language of your workplace).
It's not specific to coding unfortunately. English isn't my native language, but I've been able to read a number of technical papers and participate to international conferences with people from all over the world. These collaborations simply wouldn't work if everyone published in their respective native languages.
It may be sad if you feel like defending your language at all cost, but you have to be realistic about it. I suppose English has the advantage to be relatively simple for achieving a basic level: no genders for names, no conjugations, no cases.
Generally code referring to language concepts should be in the same mother language as the programming language (i.e. English - for, while, string are all English words).
It's OK (but not great) to have variables and domain concepts in a local language, but you definitely don't want to be translating List, Object, Decimal, etc. into terms which cause programmers more work in reconciling two languages. Even still, I would strongly lobby to restrict very common domain concepts like Collection, Membership, Person, User and possibly less common domain concepts like Invoice, Receipt to English where this is possible.
It would be like coding half your classes in VB and half in C# - your brain has to make a cognitive shift. While this is good for hybrid apps (JavaScript on the web and C# on the backend) because it helps you keep what's running where clear, it isn't good for a general programming.
In addition, using English for everything makes the domain and language words work together better.
There are always exceptions. There are certain cases where you would use a native word anyway - where the word describes the domain best. For instance, in our (English) code base, we had references to Mexican Spanish terms for certain concepts which were only relevant for people running our software in Mexico. Typically, Japanese terms were spelled out phonetically/Romaji, though - it was difficult for non-Japanese to be able to pronounce the pictograms ;-).
I think I'd call a code base like that "abysmal" rather than "internationalized", but the general rule I've always heard is that if you ever think that someone other than one who speaks your language might ever touch the code, do it in english.
I think that good design guideline is to write code with use of English names and with english comments only (of course if your team is capable to do this, but in case of international team English seems to be natural choose, since it's a most popular language, expecially in IT world).
Good explanation of such guidline is that keywords in most of programming languages are taken from English so writing your code using English names gives more consistent look and thanks to this you end with code that is easier to read.
Another reason is that most of compilers can handle only ascii characters as names of classes, methods, etc. so probably you will end with some strange names when you decide to use some language with alphabet containing non ascii chars.
Third reason that came to my mind is sharing your code on site like SO. Today I opened a post with a piece of code where classes had Spanish names. It was hard for me to guess what was the purpose of this class (even if sometimes is not necessary it is good when you read code and understand all used words:)).
To sum up I think that internationalization of code is not a good idea. You can imagine that keywords in programming languages (e.g. class, try, while) could also be localized and probably you can imagine also how hard life could be then...
To keep things consistent, I would make the code the same (human) language as the (programming) language. That is, if the programming language uses English keywords (like for, switch, public, etc) then keep the rest of the code in English. If you are using a compiler that recognizes (say) the Swahili translations of keywords, then keep the rest of the code in Swahili.
Many APIs have standardized naming schemes that are followed regardless of (human) language, and the accompanying documentation is translated as needed (instead of the source code).
No matter what (human) language you choose, pick one and stick with it. I'd much rather try to wade through source code in German than code that was a mix of German and English.
Related
I'm in the process of translating a Open Source project from Chinese to English, and I've used i18n (in this case babel) to separate the code from both English and Chinese translations.
Everything's done, except for a rather large number of inline comments in the code.
Obviously, babel can't translate comments inline (and it would be rather obnoxious if it did, anyway. Since code would not be unique across languages and therefore less easily verifiable.)
The way I see it, there are a number of options:
Leave comments in -
Pro: Helps original author, etc.
Con: Makes it distracting for ongoing translation and anyone who doesn't speak the language
Strip out all the comments -
Pro: Code is native-language-agnostic, so it makes sense. Who needs comments anyway? Use the source, Luke!
Con: Goes against SE principles. Could lose something important in understanding how the code works - maybe something's been done to avoid a security risk, etc.
Place English comments near Chinese comments
(Possibly moved to lines above and prefixed with "EN" and "ZH", for example).
Pro: Best of both worlds, comments kept close to code
Con: Not conducive to dictionary-style translation. Can get bulky with more languages.
Create a comment dictionary / notes
Pro: Keeps the comments in a separate file for easy translation.
Con: Difficult to keep synced with code. Not intuitive to remember to update comments related to code when changing coe.
Use a different preprocessor for i18n before/after each development cycle.
Pro: Comments et al would be in your language. Could link this to git pull/push so you only ever see the code in your language.
Con: Bulky, non-obvious process. Could result in code-verification or even compilation errors.
None of these seem like really great solutions.
If you do alot of this, and the code is shared publicly between developers who don't share a native tongue, is there a recommended way to handle translating (or not) comments in the code itself?
I am not sure I understand... You say you separated the code from the languages part. So now you should have code (with comments) + English resources + Chinese resources (i used resources for whatever your programming language use to store localizable content)
Translators only see the resources, not the code, nor the comments. The comments stay untranslated, for the developers.
Short Answer
It seems to be a mixture of:
Strip out all the comments, and
Place English comments near Chinese comments.
Inline comments are almost always trivial - Strip them
Functional comments are not as intrusive - Translate them (possibly with a i18n prefix e.g. "[cn]:" or "[en]:").
Explanation
My meagre amount of research tends to suggest that larger projects make strong attempts to reduce comments and let the code explain itself, instead focusing on code quality which reduces the need for comments.
e.g. From the Linux Kernel Coding guidelines:
NEVER try to explain HOW your code works in a comment: it's much
better to write the code so that the working is obvious, and it's
a waste of time to explain badly written code.
...and from the MySQL coding standards:
Comment your code when you do something that someone else may think is
not trivial.
Both of these standards (and others) recommend minimal function descriptions also, so that's not as obtrusive to understanding the code, and, since function descriptions are generally multi-lined and above the code itself, multiple languages can be included as necessary.
Maybe someone, somewhere has built an interface that can isolate comments into the readers language, but I couldn't (yet) find any that do so.
I always think that API comments exported in the project and private comments in open source projects should be internationalized, which is very convenient for developers in other countries.
On Github, there are actually many developers who use their own national language to comment on some well-known open source projects and some of their own annotations. Most of the reason is that if they do not translate, the efficiency of developers reading comments very low.
Similar to .d.ts in TypeScript, I think function annotation translation can also take a similar form, which is more convenient for the community to feedback translation content, because in fact many developers are willing to do so.
I used to have a nice set of coding standards I could print for coldfusion that was almost a framework but much looser with some code examples. Like teh use of createObject, more cfscript, error and message integration, Application.cfc usage and examples. Also seperation of buisness (actions) and display using cfincludes to make an index.cfm page 'a generator' of many actions leveraginf cfswitch/cfcase...etc. I am looking for some doucmentation or anything that I can print our and sit on my desk and refer to so my coding stays clean. Any help from the community would be very much appreciated.
Although rather dated, You may find what you are looking for among the many posts listed under the "Coding Guidelines" section on the "Articles" page of the MDCFUG - Mayryland ColdFusion User's Group website.
Here are some other options:
Univ. of Maryland ColdFusion Programming Standards
Sample Applications Methodology Guidelines provided by Adobe.com
SBA ColdFusion Programming Standards contains 126 pages of coding standard written for the U.S. Small Business Administration to insure security, promote code re-use, easy readability, and easy maintenance.
Oregon Health & Science University - Coding Guidelines which contains a number of GOOD versus BAD coding examples.
I'm unaware of any "official" Coldfusion specific coding standards. Where I work we collectively came up with our own based on many years of experience working with the language. A simple one for example is to use camel case. From what I've seen camelCase is preferred over snake case in Coldfusion, so as a rule we have:
In general, for files use lowerCamelCase starting with a lower-case letter, except for CFCs which should start with an upper-case letter as they represent a class in ColdFusion.
We have other standards broken up under headings such as:
Variable Naming
Operators
Scopes
Functions
ColdFusion Native
Functions
Indentation
......
I am looking for some doucmentation or anything that I can print our
and sit on my desk and refer to so my coding stays clean.
In addition to this I recommend you create a set of generic code snippets, such as you can use in Eclipse, that conform to any standard you decide to go with. These can then be easily distributed among team members, helping to keep things consistent as well as saving typing time.
I realise this is quite an old post now, but thought it would be worth mentioning http://wiki.coldbox.org/wiki/DevelopmentBestPractices.cfm. I think this is a good set of standards for writing CFML.
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I have some code that is written in french, that is the variables, class, function all have french names. The comments are also in french. I'd like to translate the code to english. This will be quite a challenge, since it's a 18K lines project and I'd like to know if there is any tool that could help me, especially with the variables/class/function names, since it will be error prone to rename them all.
Is there any tools that can help me? Advices?
edit : I'm not looking for machine translation. I'm looking for a tool that would help me translate the code. Let's say there is class name C and this class has a method named TraverserLaRue and I rename it CrossTheRoad I'd like all references to TraverserLaRue in all files to be translated as CrossTheRoad. However I don't want the method TraverserLaRue of class B to be translated.
I assume the langauge in question is one of the common ones, such as C, C++, C#, Java, ...
(You don't have a language with French keywords? I once encountered an entirely Swedish version of Pascal, and I gave up on working that).
So you have two problems:
Translating identifiers in the source code
Translating comments
Since comments contain arbitrary natural language text, you'll need an arbitrary translation of them. I don't think you can find an automated tool to do that.
Unlike others, however, I think you have a decent chance at translating the identifiers
and changing them en masse.
SD makes a line of source code "obfuscator" products. These tools don't process the code as raw text, rather they process the source code in terms of the targeted language; they accurately distinguish identifiers from operators, numbers, comments etc. In particular, they
operate reliably as need on just the identifiers.
One of the things these tools do is to replace one identifier name by another (usually a nonsense name) to make the code really hard to understand. Think abstractly of a map of identifier names I -> N. (They do other things, but that's not interesting here). Because you often want to re-obfuscate a file that has changed, the same way as an original, these tools allow you to reuse a previous cycle's identifier map, which is represented as list of I -> N pairs.
I think you can abuse this to do what you want.
Step 1: Run such an obfuscator on your original French code. This will produce a text file containing all the identifiers in the code as a map of the form
I1 -> N1
I2 -> N2
....
You don't care about the Ns, just the I's.
Step 2: Manually translate each French I to an English name E you think fits best.
(I have no specific suggestions about how to do this; some of the other answers here
have suggestions).
Some of the I's are likely to be library calls and are thus already correct.
You can modify the text obfuscation map file to be:
I1 -> E1
I2 -> E2
Step 3: Run the obfuscation tool, and make it use your modified obfuscation map.
It can be told to do that.
Viola, all the identifiers in your code will be changed the way you specify.
[You may get, as a freebie, the re-formatting of your original text. These tools can also format code nicely. Your name changes are likely to screw up the indentation/spacing in the original text so this is a nice bonus].
Any refactoring tool has a rename feature. Many questions on SO address language specific refactoring tools.
For the comments, you will have to handle them manually.
I did this with German code a while ago, but had mixed results because of abbreviations in names, etc. Using regular expressions, I wrote a parser that removed all of the language specific keywords and characters, then separated comments from the rest of the code, and now I had a lot of words that didn't necessarily mean anything to me by themselves. So I wrote a unique word finder that added them all to a ordered text file. Next stop was Google's language tools that attempted to translate every word in the list. I ran through the list to see if each word really translated, and if it did, I did a replace all in the code with the english equivalent. The comments I put back in with the complete translation, if it worked. What I found was that I ended up having to talk with someone who understood "Germish" to translate the abbreviations, slang terms, and mixed language pieces. So in short, regular expressions with a dictionary, unless someone has a real tool for this, which I would be interested in also.
You should definitely look into https://launchpad.net/rosetta
Ubuntu uses this to translate thousands of its packages written in hundreds of programming languages into hundreds of human languages, with updates for each new version. Truly herculean task.
edit: ...to clarify how Rosetta is used at Ubuntu: it modifies all natural language strings occuring in source code of the open-source apps, creating a language-specific source packages, which upon compiling create given kinds of binaries. Of course it does not edit binaries themselves.
First maintainers create "template files" which are something like "Patch with wildcards" - a set of rules what and where in the source tree needs to be translated, but not to what. Then Rosetta displays strings to be translated, and allows volunteering translators to provide translations to their language for each entry. Each entry can be discussed, modified, suggestions submitted and moderated. Stats are provided how much needs to be translated, which translations are unsure, which are missing etc. When the translation is complete, patch of given language is applied to the source creating its version for given language. Then a distribution is compiled from the modified sources.
This allows translation both for sources that use some external resources for multilingual allowing for language change on the fly, and for ones that have literal native language strings right in the source code, mixed with business logic.
When a new version of the package is released, template must be edited to include all new strings but it has quite good automation for preserving the existing ones. Of course only translations for new strings are required.
IMHO automatic tools won't be of any help here. Just translating variable and function names is not enough and will make the code worse because they cannot infer the original programmer intent when he choose a variable name.
Depending on what programming language this code is written to there are modern IDEs that might ease the refactoring but if you want to have good results manual code review is a must.
A good IDE will be able to list classes, methods, variables. There's also documentation generation tools that'll do that such as Javadoc for Java, Doxygen for many languages, etc.
To do the actual translation, there will be no tool that will perform well, or even to a satisfactory level. The only way to get something worthwile is to have a bilingual translator translate the terms. I've been doing freelance translations for many years, and can tell you that trying to have some machine do the translating is a waste of time. Many examples, choice of words, will be relevant to your culture and not the other. And that's just the tip of the iceberg.
Unless you find someone that can do the translation, I suggest you abandon the idea. Leave the source code as is. If a non-French speaker reads it, and needs to understand something, let them do the Google lookup. If they are native English speakers they'll probably do a better job of understanding the automatic translated stuff than you would, being French. When translating, you always want to translate into your native language.
For translating only comments you may try this simple utility I wrote (it's using Microsoft's Translator API): transource.
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If you are given a large n-tier project (.NET) with 15,000 lines of code written in "Spanish" (variables, tables, classes names etc) that requires feature addition and bug fixing, what would be your strategy to work on it?
Converting the whole project to English(Google Translation or other tools) names does not seem to be a good options as it will be time consuming
Hire a developer who knows "Spanish" or a translator
EDIT: The developers who wrote the original software does not understand English so they are not useful in this case.
Attempt to work on it as it is without translating anything. If it doesn't work, start translating it on-demand, only pieces that are relevant to you.
A dictionary can get you quite far already. You can translate code elements on your own. Naturally, don't add any more pieces to the puzzle. What you add should be in English.
I would also notify the customer that due to the code being written against common sense and best practices in non-English (and even unfamiliar to you language) there will be a delivery delay. Blame on the original creator of the novel.
Unless this is The Project From Hell, there should be far fewer than 15000 variables and methods in your code. My on-the-cheap suggestion would be for you to extract a cross-reference list of variable names as found in your program, hire a quick cheap Spanophone to translate those names for you, and then keep the translation list handy as you and your teammates code.
It's handy to have an idea of what is meant by a variable name, but it's not essential. I spent 20 years writing programs with only 4 significant characters in the variable name.
It's subjective, but my personal opinion is Option B) Hire a developer who can speak spanish - primarily because all the commenting will likely to be in spanish and if the commenting has been done well - it will have valuable information within that should not be ignored / lost.
A translator might not be able to understand the terms within the comments / code and a translation by a non programmer could go bad.
Best option would be to get in touch with the guys who wrote the darn thing...if possible at all. Second best, a developer who knows Spanish.
Translate your classes first. Then you should be able to keep track of instances by their type.
Sorry mostly questions.....
Is the customer a Spanish speaker? If so the software should be written by a Spanish programmer. As the cost of communicating with the customer is a lot less if the programmer understands the customer.
If the customers is not Spanish, why was a Spanish programmer used at all?
Was the Spanish programmer chosen to save money?
If so, is the software worth keeping at all?
How can you tell how good the code is if you can’t read Spanish?
I think the translation should be done as needed on demand, e.g
All new code should be in “English”.
All methods that are changed should be in “English”
All class/methods the new code uses should have English names and summary comments.
The names and comments on all unit tests for class/methods with English names should be in English
Missing unit tests should be written for any class/method when it is not clear what the spec is. (So as to check the translation of the comments into English.)
I think a willing English programmer will be able to use Google translate to do the above, however as with any new source code base, the programme will have to spend a long timer really understanding what each class/method does before using it.
An English programmer that knows some Spanish would be able to do it quicker. However don’t use a Spanish programmer, as you always want a translator translating into their native language.
First step, and this is true when you inherit a legacy code base whether it's in your native tongue or not, is to set up regression tests based on "known good" output, and begin writing more tests as you go, for the changes you make.
Quite possibly, given the relatively small size of the code base, you will fairly shortly start to understand what various routines are doing, and may be capable of beginning the translation effort yourself, maybe supplemented by automated translation.
This assumes you understand the problem domain, and that the original code was written professionally.. although if it were, you'd already have tests, wouldn't you? You don't mention whether that's the case.
Doing anything here without regression tests is foolhardy. Doing it with tests, you may find the whole task relatively manageable and don't need a serious translation effort. Definitely respect the other suggestions to do this incrementally too.
I can get all of methods, fields, annotations and etc. with reflection methods and etc. to export excel or etc. Then I can send this excel file to spanish translator. After translated, i can convert all of project codes by reference which is translated excel file by text processor applications (find / change etc.)
I am writing a coding standards document for a team of about 15 developers with a project load of between 10 and 15 projects a year. Amongst other sections (which I may post here as I get to them) I am writing a section on code formatting. So to start with, I think it is wise that, for whatever reason, we establish some basic, consistent code formatting/naming standards.
I've looked at roughly 10 projects written over the last 3 years from this team and I'm, obviously, finding a pretty wide range of styles. Contractors come in and out and at times, and sometimes even double the team size.
I am looking for a few suggestions for code formatting and naming standards that have really paid off ... but that can also really be justified. I think consistency and shared-patterns go a long way to making the code more maintainable ... but, are there other things I ought to consider when defining said standards?
How do you lineup parenthesis? Do you follow the same parenthesis guidelines when dealing with classes, methods, try catch blocks, switch statements, if else blocks, etc.
Do you line up fields on a column? Do you notate/prefix private variables with an underscore? Do you follow any naming conventions to make it easier to find particulars in a file? How do you order the members of your class?
What about suggestions for namespaces, packaging or source code folder/organization standards? I tend to start with something like:
<com|org|...>.<company>.<app>.<layer>.<function>.ClassName
I'm curious to see if there are other, more accepted, practices than what I am accustomed to -- before I venture off dictating these standards. Links to standards already published online would be great too -- even though I've done a bit of that already.
First find a automated code-formatter that works with your language. Reason: Whatever the document says, people will inevitably break the rules. It's much easier to run code through a formatter than to nit-pick in a code review.
If you're using a language with an existing standard (e.g. Java, C#), it's easiest to use it, or at least start with it as a first draft. Sun put a lot of thought into their formatting rules; you might as well take advantage of it.
In any case, remember that much research has shown that varying things like brace position and whitespace use has no measurable effect on productivity or understandability or prevalence of bugs. Just having any standard is the key.
Coming from the automotive industry, here's a few style standards used for concrete reasons:
Always used braces in control structures, and place them on separate lines. This eliminates problems with people adding code and including it or not including it mistakenly inside a control structure.
if(...)
{
}
All switches/selects have a default case. The default case logs an error if it's not a valid path.
For the same reason as above, any if...elseif... control structures MUST end with a default else that also logs an error if it's not a valid path. A single if statement does not require this.
In the occasional case where a loop or control structure is intentionally empty, a semicolon is always placed within to indicate that this is intentional.
while(stillwaiting())
{
;
}
Naming standards have very different styles for typedefs, defined constants, module global variables, etc. Variable names include type. You can look at the name and have a good idea of what module it pertains to, its scope, and type. This makes it easy to detect errors related to types, etc.
There are others, but these are the top off my head.
-Adam
I'm going to second Jason's suggestion.
I just completed a standards document for a team of 10-12 that work mostly in perl. The document says to use "perltidy-like indentation for complex data structures." We also provided everyone with example perltidy settings that would clean up their code to meet this standard. It was very clear and very much industry-standard for the language so we had great buyoff on it by the team.
When setting out to write this document, I asked around for some examples of great code in our repository and googled a bit to find other standards documents that smarter architects than I to construct a template. It was tough being concise and pragmatic without crossing into micro-manager territory but very much worth it; having any standard is indeed key.
Hope it works out!
It obviously varies depending on languages and technologies. By the look of your example name space I am going to guess java, in which case http://java.sun.com/docs/codeconv/ is a really good place to start. You might also want to look at something like maven's standard directory structure which will make all your projects look similar.