How to get UTC timestamp in Ruby?
You could use: Time.now.to_i.
time = Time.now.getutc
Rationale: In my eyes a timestamp is exactly that: A point in time. This can be accurately represented with an object. If you need anything else, a scalar value, e.g. seconds since the Unix epoch, 100-ns intervals since 1601 or maybe a string for display purposes or storing the timestamp in a database, you can readily get that from the object. But that depends very much on your intended use.
Saying that »a true timestamp is the number of seconds since the Unix epoch« is a little missing the point, as that is one way of representing a point in time, but it also needs additional information to even know that you're dealing with a time and not a number. A Time object solves this problem nicely by representing a point in time and also being explicit about what it is.
The default formatting is not very useful, in my opinion. I prefer ISO8601 as it's sortable, relatively compact and widely recognized:
>> require 'time'
=> true
>> Time.now.utc.iso8601
=> "2011-07-28T23:14:04Z"
if you need a human-readable timestamp (like rails migration has) ex. "20190527141340"
Time.now.utc.to_formatted_s(:number) # using Rails
Time.now.utc.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S") # using Ruby
Usually timestamp has no timezone.
% irb
> Time.now.to_i == Time.now.getutc.to_i
=> true
What good is a timestamp with its granularity given in seconds? I find it much more practical working with Time.now.to_f. Heck, you may even throw a to_s.sub('.','') to get rid of the decimal point, or perform a typecast like this: Integer(1e6*Time.now.to_f).
Time.utc(2010, 05, 17)
time = Time.zone.now()
It will work as
irb> Time.zone.now
=> 2017-12-02 12:06:41 UTC
The proper way is to do a Time.now.getutc.to_i to get the proper timestamp amount as simply displaying the integer need not always be same as the utc timestamp due to time zone differences.
Related
I'm going to get difference between GMT (for example: +09:00) in Ruby, using TZInfo gem. I'm reading documentation and I can't find the solution. I tried:
tz = TZInfo::Timezone.get('Asia/Shanghai')
puts tz.strftime('%:z')
But it returns +00:00, that's not correct, why? It's looks like it still using London time.
This should do it, but as someone pointed out, you can't just use the location, you need to check for daylight savings etc.
tz = TZInfo::Timezone.get('Asia/Shanghai')
puts sprintf("%02d:%02d", *tz.current_period.offset.utc_offset.divmod(3600))
A time zone by itself does not have the notion of a time difference because the time difference may change during the period within the year (some time zones have summer time). You need to assign particular date time in order to get a meaningful time difference.
What's the difference between strptime and strftime? I see that strptime is a method in the DateTime class, and strftime is a method in the Time class.
What's the difference between Time and DateTime, other than that they have different core methods? The explanation for the Time class in the Ruby docs is helpful, but the one for DateTime just says "datetime". There's also the Date class, which says it provides Date and DateTime. Help me make sense of this.
I see strptime and I want to pronounce it "strip time", but that doesn't make sense. Is there a good mnemonic-device for it?
What do strptime and strftime mean, anyway?
How do you remember which does what?
The difference between Time and DateTime has to do with implementation. A large amount of the DateTime functionality comes from the Rails world and is an arbitrary date with time of day. It's more of a calendar-based system. Time is measured as seconds since January 1, 1970 UTC and is time-zone agnostic. On some systems it is limited to values between 1901 and 2038, a limitation of how traditionally this value is stored as a signed 32-bit integer, but newer versions of Ruby can handle a much wider range, using a 64-bit value or BigNum as required.
In short, DateTime is what you get from a database in Rails where Time is what Ruby has traditionally used. If you're working with values where dates are important and you want to know things like the end of the month or what day it'll be six weeks ahead, use DateTime. If you're just measuring elapsed time and don't care about that, use Time. They're easy to convert between if necessary.
Date on the other hand is just a calendar date and doesn't have any associated times. You might want to use these where times are irrelevant.
strptime is short for "parse time" where strftime is for "formatting time". That is, strptime is the opposite of strftime though they use, conveniently, the same formatting specification. I've rarely seen strptime used since DateTime.parse is usually good at picking up on what's going on, but if you really need to spell it out, by all means use the legacy parser.
strptime means string parser, this will convert a string format to datetime.
Example:-
datetime.strptime('2019-08-09 01:01:01', "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
datetime.datetime(2019, 8, 9, 1, 1, 1)//Result
strftime means string formatter, this will format a datetime object to string format.
Example:-
sample_date=datetime.strptime('2019-08-09 01:01:01', "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
datetime.strftime(sample_date, "%Y-%d-%m %H:%M:%S")
'2019-09-08 01:01:01'//Result
I read the above answer and it is clear in its delineation of Time, DateTime and Date in Ruby.
Time is packaged with Ruby. It is measured as seconds since January 1, 1970 UTC and is time-zone agnostic. More specifically, the Time class stores integer numbers, which presents the seconds intervals since the Epoch. We can think of this as Unix Time. It has some limitations. I read somewhere if stored as a 64-bit signed integer, it can represent dates between 1823-11-12 to 2116-02-20, but on my system it can represent dates outside this range. If you do not specify the timezone to use in the enviroment variable ENV['TZ'], then it will default to your system time found in /etc/localtime on Unix-like systems. When to use Time? It is useful for measuring time elapse or interpolating a timestamp into a string value.
Rails actually extends the Time class. It accomplishes this through ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone. It provides support for configurable time zones. Note Rails will always convert time zone to UTC before it writes to or reads from the database, no matter what time zone you set in the configuration file. In other words, it is the default behaviour of Rails that all your time will get saved into database in UTC format.
# Get current time using the time zone of current local system or ENV['TZ'] if the latter is set.
Time.now
# Get current time using the time zone of UTC
Time.now.utc
# Get the unix timestamp of current time => 1524855779
Time.now.to_i
# Convert from unix timestamp back to time form
Time.at(1524855779)
# USE Rails implementation of Time! Notice we say Time.current rather than Time.now. This will allow you to use the timezone defined in Rails configuration and get access to all the timezone goodies provided by ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.
Time.current
TimeWithZone provides a lot of very useful helper methods:
# Get the time of n day, week, month, year ago
1.day.ago
1.week.ago
3.months.ago
1.year.ago
# Get the beginning of or end of the day, week, month ...
Time.now.beginning_of_day
30.days.ago.end_of_day
1.week.ago.end_of_month
# Convert time to unix timestamp
1.week.ago.beginning_of_day.to_i
# Convert time instance to date instance
1.month.ago.to_date
For most cases, the Time with the time zone class from Rails’ ActiveSupport is sufficient. But sometimes you just need a date.
Just as with the Time class, Ruby is packaged with the Date class. Simply require the time library:
require "time"
Time.parse("Dec 8 2015 10:19")
#=> 2015-12-08 10:19:00 -0200
Date.parse("Dec 8 2015")
#=> #<Date: 2015-12-08>
Time.new(2015, 12, 8, 10, 19)
#=> 2015-12-08 10:19:00 -0200
Date.new(2015, 12, 8)
Since Date is part of Ruby, it by default uses the timezone defined in /etc/localtime on Unix-like systems, unless you modify the TZ environmental variable. Just as with the Time class, Rails extends the Date class. Use Date.current instead of Date.today to take advantage of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone and use Rails-based timezone configurations.
Now there is one more class available with regards to dates and times. DateTime is a subclass of Date and can easily handles date, hour, minute, second and offset. It is both available in Ruby (via require 'time') and in Rails (via require 'date'). Rails extends it with TimeZone capabilities just like with the Time class.
require 'date'
DateTime.new(2001,2,3,4,5,6)
I personally do not see a need for using DateTime in your applications, for you can use Time itself to represent dates and times, and you can use Date to represent dates.
The second part of the question was regarding strptime and strftime. Time, Date and DateTime all have the strptime and strftime methods. strptime parses the given string representation and creates an object. Here is an example:
> result = Time.strptime "04/27/2018", "%m/%d/%Y"
=> 2018-04-27 00:00:00 -0400
> result.class
=> Time
This is useful if you have an application and a user submits a form and you are given a date and/or represented as a string. You will want to parse it into a Time or Date before you save it to the database.
strftime formats a date or time. So you call it on a Date or Time object:
> Date.current.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
=> "2018-04-27"
And you can use them together to first parse user input and then format it in a certain way, perhaps to output into a csv file:
value = Date.strptime(val, '%m/%d/%Y').strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
I have a string like 2012-01-01T01:02:03.456 that I am storing in a Postgres database TIMESTAMP using ActiveRecord.
Unfortunately, Ruby seems to chop off the milliseconds:
ruby-1.9.3-rc1 :078 > '2012-12-31T01:01:01.232323+3'.to_datetime
=> Mon, 31 Dec 2012 01:01:01 +0300
Postgrs supports microsecond resolution. How can I get my timestamp to be saved accordingly? I need at least millisecond resolution.
(PS Yes I could hack in a milliseconds integer column in postgres; that kind of defeats the whole purpose of ActiveRecord.)
UPDATE:
The very helpful responses showed that Ruby's DateTime is not chopping off milliseconds; using #to_f shows it. But, doing:
m.happened_at = '2012-01-01T00:00:00.32323'.to_datetime
m.save!
m.reload
m.happened_at.to_f
Does drop the milliseconds.
Now, the interesting thing is that created_at does show milliseconds, both in Rails and Postgres. But other timestamps fields (like happened_at above) don't. (Perhaps Rails uses a NOW() function for created_at as opposed to passing in a DateTime).
Which leads to my ultimate question:
How can I get ActiveRecord to preserve millisecond resolution on timestamp fields?
ActiveRecord should preserve the full precision from the database, you're just not looking at it properly. Use strftime and the %N format to see the fractional seconds. For example, psql says this:
=> select created_at from models where id = 1;
created_at
----------------------------
2012-02-07 07:36:20.949641
(1 row)
and ActiveRecord says this:
> Model.find(1).created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%N')
=> "2012-02-07 07:36:20.949641000"
So everything is there, you just need to know how to see it.
Also note that ActiveRecord will probably give you ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone objects rather than DateTime objects but DateTime preserves everything too:
> '2012-12-31T01:01:01.232323+3'.to_datetime.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%N')
=> "2012-12-31 01:01:01.232323000"
Have a look at connection_adapters/column.rb in the ActiveRecord source and check what the string_to_time method does. Your string would go down the fallback_string_to_time path and that preserves fractional seconds as near as I can tell. Something strange could be going on elsewhere, I wouldn't be surprised given the strange things I've seen in the Rails source, especially the database side of things. I'd try converting the strings to objects by hand so that ActiveRecord will keeps its hands off them.
Changing m.happened_at = '2012-01-01T00:00:00.32323'.to_datetime in the code above to m.happened_at = '2012-01-01T00:00:00.32323' solves the problem, though I have no idea why.
I ended up here when I was suffering from using the RVM provided binary Ruby 2.0.0-p247 on OS X (Mavericks) which was causing rounding to whole values of seconds when retrieving times from Postgres. Rebuilding Ruby myself (rvm reinstall 2.0.0 --disable-binary) solved the issue for me.
See https://github.com/wayneeseguin/rvm/issues/2189 which I found via https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/12422.
I recognise that this is not THE answer to this issue but I hope this note might help someone struggling with it.
to_datetime does not destroy millisecond resolution of data - it's simply hidden because DateTime#to_s doesn't display it.
[1] pry(main)> '2012-12-31T01:01:01.232323+3'.to_datetime
=> Mon, 31 Dec 2012 01:01:01 +0300
[2] pry(main)> '2012-12-31T01:01:01.232323+3'.to_datetime.to_f
=> 1356904861.232323
That said, I suspect that ActiveRecord is mistakenly hiding that information when persisting the data; remember that it is database-agnostic, so it takes approaches that are guaranteed to work across all of its database targets. While Postgres supposed microsecond information in timestamps, MySQL does not, so I suspect AR selects for the lowest common denominator. I couldn't be sure without getting into the guts of AR. You may need a Postgres-specific monkeypatch to enable this behavior.
The ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper provides the time_zone_options_for_select to get a list of options for a select control that includes all of the timezones with their UTC offset. The problem I'm having is how to get it to display the correct offset for when daylight savings time is in effect?
For instance U.S. Mountain time is usually -7 UTC but during the summer it's effectively -6 UTC. Is there a way to have that list correctly reflect that?
TL;DR
The time zone data you are receiving is "correct" because ActiveSupport::TimeZone and TZInfo::Timezone instances do not make assumptions about the current date, and therefore applying DST to them doesn't make "sense" in the context of the responsibility of those objects.
You notice the problem because the default model for time_zone_options_for_select, ActiveSupport::TimeZone, unfortunately returns the offset string when calling #to_s, which, if the location is currently is observing DST, will be incorrect. There is no way to fix the string values generated in the options, or even remove the offset from them.
If this isn't acceptable you'll need to skip on using time_zone_options_for_select, and use options_for_select instead, and generate the options yourself.
Some investigation
time_zone_options_for_select uses ::ActiveSupport::TimeZone as the default model parameter, so passing it in manually will not change your results. In order to construct options for a select box, that method will construct an array of tuples in the format of [time_zone.to_s, time_zone.name], for the purpose of passing it to the more generic options_for_select method. time_zone, in this case, is an instance of ::ActiveSupport::TimeZone.
The important factor here is that this time zone instance object is, conceptually, completely unrelated/divorced from the idea of "the current date". The definition of a time zone (strictly speaking) has nothing to do with the current date. We can confirm this "not using DST" issue like so:
::ActiveSupport::TimeZone.all.find { |tz| tz.name == "Adelaide" }.utc_offset
=> 34200 # 9 hours and 30 minutes, in seconds
Adelaide's non-DST time zone is ACST (Australian Central Standard Time) which is GMT+9.5. Currently (as in the time of writing), Adelaide is in DST which means they are on ACDT (Australian Central Daylight Time), which is GMT+10.5.
::ActiveSupport::TimeZone.all.find { |tz| tz.name == "Adelaide" }.now.utc_offset
=> 37800 # 10 hours and 30 minutes, in seconds
The crucial difference here is essentially what I've outlined above - the ActiveSupport::TimeZone instance is just not concerned with the current date. The class itself is a convenience wrapper around a TZInfo::DataTimezone instance, which has similar opinions on the current date - none.
If you noticed, in the second code snippet above, we called #now on the time zone object before calling #utc_offset. This returns an ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instance, which includes information about the time zone, as well as the current date - and therefore we get an offset which reflects the fact that the current date should include the DST offset.
So, the only problem here is that including the UTC offset string in the return value of #to_s on ActiveSupport::TimeZone instances is sort of misleading in this instance. It's included because it's the "base" UTC offset for that time zone.
Resources:
Rails 6.1 time_zone_options_for_select implementation
Related GitHub issue, rails/rails#7297
Related GitHub pull request, rails/rails#22243
I had similar problem but ended up using this
time_zone_select('time_zone', TZInfo::Timezone.us_zones,
:default => "America/Los_Angeles",
:model => TZInfo::Timezone
Did you find a better solution?
In Ruby, how do I convert theFixnum 1291132740128 (milliseconds since the epoch) to the equivalent HTML5 global time & date string (Also see HTML5 time element explanation. E.g., 1979-10-14T12:00:00.001-04:00)?
My first attempt is:
> Time.at(1291132740128/1000.0).strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S-%Z")
=> "2010-11-30T10:59:00-EST"
But, (1) how do I get the milliseconds? Does Time store the milliseconds?
And, (2) how do I get the timezone to be -0400 or -0500, depending on whether it's daylight savings time?
EDIT: Now that I think about it, perhaps it's better to keep it as 1291132740128 and do the conversion with JavaScript according to the browser location. What do you think?
1) %3N in strftime will give you milliseconds:
Time.at(1291132740128/1000.0).strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%3N-%Z")
=> "2010-11-30T16:59:00.128-CET"
2) Isn't that automatic?
EDIT: What would happen if the user had his JS turned off in that case? I think it depends on the usage.
It doesn't show the miliseconds but you could try this:
Time.at(1291132740128/1000.0).xmlschema
=> "2010-11-30T16:59:00+01:00"