Code Golf: Countdown Number Game - algorithm

Question

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Challenge
Here is the task, inspired by the well-known British TV game show Countdown. The challenge should be pretty clear even without any knowledge of the game, but feel free to ask for clarifications.
And if you fancy seeing a clip of this game in action, check out this YouTube clip. It features the wonderful late Richard Whitely in 1997.
You are given 6 numbers, chosen at random from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100}, and a random target number between 100 and 999. The aim is to use the six given numbers and the four common arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division; all over the rational numbers) to generate the target - or as close as possible either side. Each number may only be used once at most, while each arithmetic operator may be used any number of times (including zero.) Note that it does not matter how many numbers are used.
Write a function that takes the target number and set of 6 numbers (can be represented as list/collection/array/sequence) and returns the solution in any standard numerical notation (e.g. infix, prefix, postfix). The function must always return the closest-possible result to the target, and must run in at most 1 minute on a standard PC. Note that in the case where more than one solution exists, any single solution is sufficient.
Examples:
{50, 100, 4, 2, 2, 4}, target 203
e.g. 100 * 2 + 2 + (4 / 4) (exact)
e.g. (100 + 50) * 4 * 2 / (4 + 2) (exact)
{25, 4, 9, 2, 3, 10}, target 465
e.g. (25 + 10 - 4) * (9 * 2 - 3) (exact)
{9, 8, 10, 5, 9, 7}, target 241
e.g. ((10 + 9) * 9 * 7) + 8) / 5 (exact)
{3, 7, 6, 2, 1, 7}, target 824
e.g. ((7 * 3) - 1) * 6 - 2) * 7 (= 826; off by 2)
Rules
Other than mentioned in the problem statement, there are no further restrictions. You may write the function in any standard language (standard I/O is not necessary). The aim as always is to solve the task with the smallest number of characters of code.
Saying that, I may not simply accept the answer with the shortest code. I'll also be looking at elegance of the code and time complexity of the algorithm!
My Solution
I'm attempting an F# solution when I find the free time - will post it here when I have something!
Format
Please post all answers in the following format for the purpose of easy comparison:
Language
Number of characters: ???
Fully obfuscated function:
(code here)
Clear (ideally commented) function:
(code here)
Any notes on the algorithm/clever shortcuts it takes.

Answer 1

Python
Number of characters: 548 482 425 421 416 413 408
from operator import *
n=len
def C(N,T):
R=range(1<<n(N));M=[{}for i in R];p=1
for i in range(n(N)):M[1<<i][1.*N[i]]="%d"%N[i]
while p:
p=0
for i in R:
for j in R:
m=M[i|j];l=n(m)
if not i&j:m.update((f(x,y),"("+s+o+t+")")for(y,t)in M[j].items()if y for(x,s)in M[i].items() for(o,f)in zip('+-*/',(add,sub,mul,div)))
p|=l<n(m)
return min((abs(x-T),e)for t in M for(x,e)in t.items())[1]
you can call it like this:
>>> print C([50, 100, 4, 2, 2, 4], 203)
((((4+2)*(2+100))/4)+50)
Takes about half a minute on the given examples on an oldish PC.
Here's the commented version:
def countdown(N,T):
# M is a map: (bitmask of used input numbers -> (expression value -> expression text))
M=[{} for i in range(1<<len(N))]
# initialize M with single-number expressions
for i in range(len(N)):
M[1<<i][1.0*N[i]] = "%d" % N[i]
# allowed operators
ops = (("+",lambda x,y:x+y),("-",lambda x,y:x-y),("*",lambda x,y:x*y),("/",lambda x,y:x/y))
# enumerate all expressions
n=0
while 1:
# test to see if we're done (last iteration didn't change anything)
c=0
for x in M: c +=len(x)
if c==n: break
n=c
# loop over all values we have so far, indexed by bitmask of used input numbers
for i in range(len(M)):
for j in range(len(M)):
if i & j: continue # skip if both expressions used the same input number
for (x,s) in M[i].items():
for (y,t) in M[j].items():
if y: # avoid /0 (and +0,-0,*0 while we're at it)
for (o,f) in ops:
M[i|j][f(x,y)]="(%s%s%s)"%(s,o,t)
# pick best expression
L=[]
for t in M:
for(x,e) in t.items():
L+=[(abs(x-T),e)]
L.sort();return L[0][1]
It works through exhaustive enumeration of all possibilities. It is a bit smart in that if there are two expressions with the same value that use the same input numbers, it discards one of them. It is also smart in how it considers new combinations, using the index into M to prune quickly all the potential combinations that share input numbers.

Answer 2

Haskell
Number of characters: 361 350 338 322
Fully obfuscated function:
m=map
f=toRational
a%w=m(\(b,v)->(b,a:v))w
p[]=[];p(a:w)=(a,w):a%p w
q[]=[];q(a:w)=[((a,b),v)|(b,v)<-p w]++a%q w
z(o,p)(a,w)(b,v)=[(a`o`b,'(':w++p:v++")")|b/=0]
y=m z(zip[(-),(/),(+),(*)]"-/+*")++m flip(take 2 y)
r w=do{((a,b),v)<-q w;o<-y;c<-o a b;c:r(c:v)}
c t=snd.minimum.m(\a->(abs(fst a-f t),a)).r.m(\a->(f a,show a))
Clear function:
-- | add an element on to the front of the remainder list
onRemainder :: a -> [(b,[a])] -> [(b,[a])]
a`onRemainder`w = map (\(b,as)->(b,a:as)) w
-- | all ways to pick one item from a list, returns item and remainder of list
pick :: [a] -> [(a,[a])]
pick [] = []
pick (a:as) = (a,as) : a `onRemainder` (pick as)
-- | all ways to pick two items from a list, returns items and remainder of list
pick2 :: [a] -> [((a,a),[a])]
pick2 [] = []
pick2 (a:as) = [((a,b),cs) | (b,cs) <- pick as] ++ a `onRemainder` (pick2 as)
-- | a value, and how it was computed
type Item = (Rational, String)
-- | a specification of a binary operation
type OpSpec = (Rational -> Rational -> Rational, String)
-- | a binary operation on Items
type Op = Item -> Item -> Maybe Item
-- | turn an OpSpec into a operation
-- applies the operator to the values, and builds up an expression string
-- in this context there is no point to doing +0, -0, *0, or /0
combine :: OpSpec -> Op
combine (op,os) (ar,as) (br,bs)
| br == 0 = Nothing
| otherwise = Just (ar`op`br,"("++as++os++bs++")")
-- | the operators we can use
ops :: [Op]
ops = map combine [ ((+),"+"), ((-), "-"), ((*), "*"), ((/), "/") ]
++ map (flip . combine) [((-), "-"), ((/), "/")]
-- | recursive reduction of a list of items to a list of all possible values
-- includes values that don't use all the items, includes multiple copies of
-- some results
reduce :: [Item] -> [Item]
reduce is = do
((a,b),js) <- pick2 is
op <- ops
c <- maybe [] (:[]) $ op a b
c : reduce (c : js)
-- | convert a list of real numbers to a list of items
items :: (Real a, Show a) => [a] -> [Item]
items = map (\a -> (toRational a, show a))
-- | return the first reduction of a list of real numbers closest to some target
countDown:: (Real a, Show a) => a -> [a] -> Item
countDown t is = snd $ minimum $ map dist $ reduce $ items is
where dist is = (abs . subtract t' . fst $ is, is)
t' = toRational t
Any notes on the algorithm/clever shortcuts it takes:
In the golf'd version, z returns in the list monad, rather than Maybe as ops does.
While the algorithm here is brute force, it operates in small, fixed, linear space due to Haskell's laziness. I coded the wonderful #keith-randall algorithm, but it ran in about the same time and took over 1.5G of memory in Haskell.
reduce generates some answers multiple times, in order to easily include solutions with fewer terms.
In the golf'd version, y is defined partially in terms of itself.
Results are computed with Rational values. Golf'd code would be 17 characters shorter, and faster if computed with Double.
Notice how the function onRemainder factors out the structural similarity between pick and pick2.
Driver for golf'd version:
main = do
print $ c 203 [50, 100, 4, 2, 2, 4]
print $ c 465 [25, 4, 9, 2, 3, 10]
print $ c 241 [9, 8, 10, 5, 9, 7]
print $ c 824 [3, 7, 6, 2, 1, 7]
Run, with timing (still under one minute per result):
[1076] : time ./Countdown
(203 % 1,"(((((2*4)-2)/100)+4)*50)")
(465 % 1,"(((((10-4)*25)+2)*3)+9)")
(241 % 1,"(((((10*9)/5)+8)*9)+7)")
(826 % 1,"(((((3*7)-1)*6)-2)*7)")
real 2m24.213s
user 2m22.063s
sys 0m 0.913s

Answer 3

Ruby 1.9.2
Number of characters: 404
I give up for now, it works as long as there is an exact answer. If there isn't it takes way too long to enumerate all possibilities.
Fully Obfuscated
def b a,o,c,p,r
o+c==2*p ?r<<a :o<p ?b(a+['('],o+1,c,p,r):0;c<o ?b(a+[')'],o,c+1,p,r):0
end
w=a=%w{+ - * /}
4.times{w=w.product a}
b [],0,0,3,g=[]
*n,l=$<.read.split.map(&:to_f)
h={}
catch(0){w.product(g).each{|c,f|k=f.zip(c.flatten).each{|o|o.reverse! if o[0]=='('};n.permutation{|m|h[x=eval(d=m.zip(k)*'')]=d;throw 0 if x==l}}}
c=h[k=h.keys.min_by{|i|(i-l).abs}]
puts c.gsub(/(\d*)\.\d*/,'\1')+"=#{k}"
Decoded
Coming soon
Test script
#!/usr/bin/env ruby
[
[[50,100,4,2,2,4],203],
[[25,4,9,2,3,10],465],
[[9,8,10,5,9,7],241],
[[3,7,6,2,1,7],824]
].each do |b|
start = Time.now
puts "{[#{b[0]*', '}] #{b[1]}} gives #{`echo "#{b[0]*' '} #{b[1]}" | ruby count-golf.rb`.strip} in #{Time.now-start}"
end
Output
→ ./test.rb
{[50, 100, 4, 2, 2, 4] 203} gives 100+(4+(50-(2)/4)*2)=203.0 in 3.968534736
{[25, 4, 9, 2, 3, 10] 465} gives 2+(3+(25+(9)*10)*4)=465.0 in 1.430715549
{[9, 8, 10, 5, 9, 7] 241} gives 5+(9+(8)+10)*9-(7)=241.0 in 1.20045702
{[3, 7, 6, 2, 1, 7] 824} gives 7*(6*(7*(3)-1)-2)=826.0 in 193.040054095
Details
The function used for generating the bracket pairs (b) is based off this one: Finding all combinations of well-formed brackets

Answer 4

Ruby 1.9.2 second attempt
Number of characters: 492 440(426)
Again there is a problem with the non-exact answer. This time this is easily fast enough but for some reason the closest it gets to 824 is 819 instead of 826.
I decided to put this in a new answer since it is using a very different method to my last attempt.
Removing the total of the output (as its not required by spec) is -14 characters.
Fully Obfuscated
def r d,c;d>4?[0]:(k=c.pop;a=[];r(d+1,c).each{|b|a<<[b,k,nil];a<<[nil,k,b]};a)end
def f t,n;[0,2].each{|a|Array===t[a] ?f(t[a],n): t[a]=n.pop}end
def d t;Float===t ?t:d(t[0]).send(t[1],d(t[2]))end
def o c;Float===c ?c.round: "(#{o c[0]}#{c[1]}#{o c[2]})"end
w=a=%w{+ - * /}
4.times{w=w.product a}
*n,l=$<.each(' ').map(&:to_f)
h={}
w.each{|y|r(0,y.flatten).each{|t|f t,n.dup;h[d t]=o t}}
puts h[k=h.keys.min_by{|i|(l-i).abs}]+"=#{k.round}"
Decoded
Coming soon
Test script
#!/usr/bin/env ruby
[
[[50,100,4,2,2,4],203],
[[25,4,9,2,3,10],465],
[[9,8,10,5,9,7],241],
[[3,7,6,2,1,7],824]
].each do |b|
start = Time.now
puts "{[#{b[0]*', '}] #{b[1]}} gives #{`echo "#{b[0]*' '} #{b[1]}" | ruby count-golf.rb`.strip} in #{Time.now-start}"
end
Output
→ ./test.rb
{[50, 100, 4, 2, 2, 4] 203} gives ((4-((2-(2*4))/100))*50)=203 in 1.089726252
{[25, 4, 9, 2, 3, 10] 465} gives ((10*(((3+2)*9)+4))-25)=465 in 1.039455671
{[9, 8, 10, 5, 9, 7] 241} gives (7+(((9/(5/10))+8)*9))=241 in 1.045774539
{[3, 7, 6, 2, 1, 7] 824} gives ((((7-(1/2))*6)*7)*3)=819 in 1.012330419
Details
This constructs the set of ternary trees representing all possible combinations of 5 operators. It then goes through and inserts all permutations of the input numbers into the leaves of these trees. Finally it simply iterates through these possible equations storing them into a hash with the result as index. Then it's easy enough to pick the closest value to the required answer from the hash and display it.