I'm using Xcode 3.2.3 on Mac OS X 10.6.6 on a Mac Pro to build revision 5fd480ef577f of GrowlTunes from the growl-development repository.
With a clean build from a virgin checkout, this is what I get:
% gdb build/Debug/GrowlTunes.app/Contents/MacOS/GrowlTunes
GNU gdb 6.3.50-20050815 (Apple version gdb-1469) (Wed May 5 04:41:34 UTC 2010)
[blah blah blah]
This GDB was configured as "--host=x86_64-apple-darwin --target=powerpc-apple-darwin"...Reading symbols for shared libraries ......... done
(gdb) run
Starting program: /Volumes/RAM Disk/growl-development/Extras/GrowlTunes/build/Debug/GrowlTunes.app/Contents/MacOS/GrowlTunes
Don't know how to run. Try "help target".
When I try it in Xcode, it apparently does some internal test that fails, because it doesn't even list GDB as an option. Since there are no other debuggers (in this version of Xcode) for Cocoa applications, the pop-up menus related to debugging in the target Info window are empty, and attempting to run the app does nothing—the Run button switches back to being the Run button immediately.
The target is built for 32-bit PowerPC and 64-bit Intel:
% file build/Debug/GrowlTunes.app/Contents/MacOS/GrowlTunes
build/Debug/GrowlTunes.app/Contents/MacOS/GrowlTunes: Mach-O universal binary with 2 architectures
build/Debug/GrowlTunes.app/Contents/MacOS/GrowlTunes (for architecture ppc7400): Mach-O executable ppc
build/Debug/GrowlTunes.app/Contents/MacOS/GrowlTunes (for architecture x86_64): Mach-O 64-bit executable x86_64
I can run it directly, either from the terminal or from Finder, but that doesn't help me step-by-step debug.
This isn't a cross compilation scenario; I mean to run the 64-bit Intel architecture, which is my machine's native architecture, not the PowerPC architecture.
I'm guessing this is some build misconfiguration somewhere in the project, but I've no clue what or where. Any suggestions?
Workaround from a contact of mine:
gdb -arch x86_64 build/Debug/GrowlTunes.app/Contents/MacOS/GrowlTunes
I'd still appreciate a solution that would enable me to run/debug the app in Xcode.
Switching the order of the architectures in the relevant build setting fixed the problem both in gdb and in Xcode. This is a lame solution, and I'd still welcome a better one, but at least it works.
At gdb prompt, try 'set arch x86_64' or 'set arch i386:x86-64' (without quotes of course; I am a total newbie with gdb, I am lurking for solutions for other problems)
Related
I'm trying to compile and link an assembly file to an executable with NASM and the standard LD linker on my MacBook Air M1. I have no problems with getting the .o file, but if I want to link it with LD, it throws that error:
ld: file not found: elf_i386
Command:
ld -m elf_i386 -s -o hello hello.o
What do I have to change?
Those are options for GNU ld on x86 Linux. (Note the ELF part of the target object-file format, and the i386). MacOS uses the MachO object-file format, not ELF, and apparently their ld takes different options.
Also, MacOS hasn't supported 32-bit x86 for a few versions now, so an M1 mac with an AArch64 CPU definitely can't run 32-bit x86 executables natively.
So get an emulator for a 32-bit Linux environment if you want to follow a tutorial for that environment, or find a tutorial for AArch64 MacOS. Or possibly x86-64 MacOS which should still work transparently thanks to Rosetta, but make sure single-step debugging actually works. That's an essential part of a development environment for learning asm.
Assembly language is not portable at all, you need a tutorial for the OS, CPU-architecture, and mode (32-bit vs. 64-bit) that you're going to built in. Don't waste your time trying to port a tutorial at the same time you're learning the basics it's trying to teach. You'd have to already know both systems to know which parts of the code and build commands need to change.
I would like to assemble Aarch64 armv8 Assembly on my mac and eventually run it with qemu and maybe on a real device like a raspberry pi 2 or 4 later on. I don't know how to assemble the code I'm going to write, gcc, llvm-gcc and clang don't seem to support the -arch=armv8 flag or anything similar. So I can't build for the targeted architecture, how could I achieve this?
I'm running mac os 10.14.5. I wouldn't mind finding a solution that works on a recent ubuntu version either since I have a VM for linux development.
The clang version that ships with Xcode supports -arch arm64. (Or armv7 for 32bit.)
Note that if you want to use any libraries though, they'll have to be arm64 as well. If you want, you can invoke the iOS toolchain with xcrun -sdk iphoneos clang -arch arm64 [...], but then you'll also have to pull the libraries you want off of some IPSW and stuff them into qemu.
Also note that the above will give you a Mach-O binary. For your Raspberry Pi, you'll probably want an ELF, and you'll probably want gcc rather than clang. You should be able to build both gcc and GNU binutils from source with --target as either aarch64-linux-gnu or aarch64-none-elf, depending on your goals. Yet another note: since macOS silently aliases gcc to clang and many tools depend on that, you'll probably also want to build this toolchain with something like --program-prefix=aarch64-.
I am following this tutorial on operating system development for the raspberry pi.
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/projects/raspberrypi/tutorials/os/ok01.html
I am using a Mac, so it suggests using the Yagarto packages for assembling the code. However, they do not seem to work. I installed it multiple times to check.
I want to know if there is an alternative assembler for Mac and how to use it to create the .img file to use as the kernel for the pi.
You can use Xcode for that - if you install xcode, the "iPhone SDK" compiler is really a cross compiler for i386, x86_64 and - ARM.
${whereever_you_put_xcode}/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/usr/bin/as -arch armv6
will do the trick: specifically, it will execute
/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/usr/bin/../libexec/as/arm/as
I would like to build an app with a universal binary containing: ppc, i386 and x86-64. The problem I have is that on 10.5.8 it tries to launch the x86-64 version and fails.
Is there some configuration that will make 10.5.8 launch with the i386 code?
See this SO question that suggests to configure through Info.plist.
I'm not aware of a method in the OS to target one version of the binary over another. I do know you can use lipo to remove the x86_64 version of the binary, which will cause the OS to run the i386 version, but I do not think it is what you want.
All that being said it would be my recommendation to debug the cause of the x86_64 crash, or only build the i386 version of the binary until you are in a place to debug it.
I have trouble understanding the gcc compiler provided by OSX 10.6 snow leopard, mainly because of my lack of experience with 64 bits environments.
$ cat >foo.c
main() {}
$ gcc foo.c -o foo
$ file foo
foo: Mach-O 64-bit executable x86_64
$ lipo -detailed_info foo
input file foo is not a fat file
Non-fat file: foo is architecture: x86_64
However, my architecture is seen as an intel i386 type (I have one of the latest Intel Core2 duo MacBook)
$ arch
i386
and the compiler targets i686-apple-darwin10
$ gcc --version
i686-apple-darwin10-gcc-4.2.1 (GCC) 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5646)
Of course, if I compile 32 bits I get a 32 bit executable.
$ gcc -m32 foo.c -o foo
$ file foo
foo: Mach-O executable i386
but I don't get the big picture. The default setup for the compiler is to produce x86_64 executables, even if I have arch saying I have a 32 bit machine (why? Core2 is 64); even if (I guess) I am running a 32 bit kernel; even if I have a compiler targeting the i686-apple-darwin platform. Why? How can they run ? Should I compile 64 or 32 ?
This question is due to my attempt to compile gcc 4.2.3 on the mac, but I am having a bunch of issues with gmp, mpfr and libiberty getting (in some cases) compiled for x86_64. Should I compile everything x86_64 ? If so, what's the target (not i686-apple-darwin10 I guess)?
Thanks for the help
The default compiler on Snow Leopard is gcc4.2, and its default architecture is x86_64. The typical way to build Mac software is to build multiple architectures in separate passes, then use lipo to combine the results. (lipo only compiles single-arch files into a multiple-arch file, or strips archs out of a multi-arch file. It has no utility on single-arch files, as you discovered.)
The bitness of the compiler has nothing to do with anything. You can build 32-bit binaries with a 64-bit compiler, and vice versa. (What you think is the "target" of the compiler is actually its executable, which is different.)
The bitness of the kernel has nothing to do with anything. You can build and run 64-bit binaries when booted on a 32-bit kernel, and vice versa.
What matters is when you link, whether you have the appropriate architectures for linking. You can't link 32-bit builds against 64-bit binaries or vice versa. So the important thing is to see what the architectures of your link libraries are, make sure they're coherent, then build your binary of the same architecture so you can link against the libraries you have.
i686-apple-darwin10.0.0 contains an x86_64 folder which is not understood by most versions of autotools. In other words, I'd say that the gcc compiler is unfortunately nothing short of a joke on Snow Leopard. Why you would bundle 32-bit and 64-bit libraries into i686-apple-darwin10.0.0 is beyond me.
$ ls /usr/lib/gcc
i686-apple-darwin10 powerpc-apple-darwin10
You need to change all your autotools configure files to handle looking in *86-darwin directories and then looking for 64-bit libraries I'd imagine.
As with your system, my mac mini says its i386 even though its obviously using a 64-bit platform, again another mistake since its distributed with 64-bit hardware.
$arch
i386
Apple toolchains support multiple architectures. If you want to create a fat binary that contains x86 and x86_64 code, then you have to pass the parameters -arch i386 -arch x86_64 to gcc. The compiler will compile your code twice for both platforms in one go.
Adding -arch i386 -arch x86_64 to CFLAGS may allow you to compile gmp, mpfr, and whatnot for multiple archs in one go. Building libusb that way worked for me.
This answer is wrong, but see comments below
The real question is... how did you get a 32-bit version of OSX? I wasn't aware that Snow Leopard had a 32-bit version, as all of Apple's Intel chips are Core 2 or Xeon, which support the x86_64 architecture.
Oh, and Snow Leopard only works on Intel chips.
Edit: Apparently Snow Leopard starts in 32-bit mode.