How to read a file into a variable in shell? - shell

Question

I want to read a file and save it in variable, but I need to keep the variable and not just print out the file.
How can I do this? I have written this script but it isn't quite what I needed:
#!/bin/sh
while read LINE
do
echo $LINE
done <$1
echo 11111-----------
echo $LINE
In my script, I can give the file name as a parameter, so, if the file contains "aaaa", for example, it would print out this:
aaaa
11111-----
But this just prints out the file onto the screen, and I want to save it into a variable!
Is there an easy way to do this?

Answer 1

In cross-platform, lowest-common-denominator sh you use:
#!/bin/sh
value=`cat config.txt`
echo "$value"
In bash or zsh, to read a whole file into a variable without invoking cat:
#!/bin/bash
value=$(<config.txt)
echo "$value"
Invoking cat in bash or zsh to slurp a file would be considered a Useless Use of Cat.
Note that it is not necessary to quote the command substitution to preserve newlines.
See: Bash Hacker's Wiki - Command substitution - Specialities.

Answer 2

If you want to read the whole file into a variable:
#!/bin/bash
value=`cat sources.xml`
echo $value
If you want to read it line-by-line:
while read line; do
echo $line
done < file.txt

Answer 3

Two important pitfalls
which were ignored by other answers so far:
Trailing newline removal from command expansion
NUL character removal
Trailing newline removal from command expansion
This is a problem for the:
value="$(cat config.txt)"
type solutions, but not for read based solutions.
Command expansion removes trailing newlines:
S="$(printf "a\n")"
printf "$S" | od -tx1
Outputs:
0000000 61
0000001
This breaks the naive method of reading from files:
FILE="$(mktemp)"
printf "a\n\n" > "$FILE"
S="$(<"$FILE")"
printf "$S" | od -tx1
rm "$FILE"
POSIX workaround: append an extra char to the command expansion and remove it later:
S="$(cat $FILE; printf a)"
S="${S%a}"
printf "$S" | od -tx1
Outputs:
0000000 61 0a 0a
0000003
Almost POSIX workaround: ASCII encode. See below.
NUL character removal
There is no sane Bash way to store NUL characters in variables.
This affects both expansion and read solutions, and I don't know any good workaround for it.
Example:
printf "a\0b" | od -tx1
S="$(printf "a\0b")"
printf "$S" | od -tx1
Outputs:
0000000 61 00 62
0000003
0000000 61 62
0000002
Ha, our NUL is gone!
Workarounds:
ASCII encode. See below.
use bash extension $"" literals:
S=$"a\0b"
printf "$S" | od -tx1
Only works for literals, so not useful for reading from files.
Workaround for the pitfalls
Store an uuencode base64 encoded version of the file in the variable, and decode before every usage:
FILE="$(mktemp)"
printf "a\0\n" > "$FILE"
S="$(uuencode -m "$FILE" /dev/stdout)"
uudecode -o /dev/stdout <(printf "$S") | od -tx1
rm "$FILE"
Output:
0000000 61 00 0a
0000003
uuencode and udecode are POSIX 7 but not in Ubuntu 12.04 by default (sharutils package)... I don't see a POSIX 7 alternative for the bash process <() substitution extension except writing to another file...
Of course, this is slow and inconvenient, so I guess the real answer is: don't use Bash if the input file may contain NUL characters.

Answer 4

this works for me:
v=$(cat <file_path>)
echo $v

Answer 5

With bash you may use read like this:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{ IFS= read -rd '' value <config.txt;} 2>/dev/null
printf '%s' "$value"
Notice that:
The last newline is preserved.
The stderr is silenced to /dev/null by redirecting the whole commands block, but the return status of the read command is preserved, if one needed to handle read error conditions.

Answer 6

As Ciro Santilli notes using command substitutions will drop trailing newlines. Their workaround adding trailing characters is great, but after using it for quite some time I decided I needed a solution that didn't use command substitution at all.
My approach now uses read along with the printf builtin's -v flag in order to read the contents of stdin directly into a variable.
# Reads stdin into a variable, accounting for trailing newlines. Avoids
# needing a subshell or command substitution.
# Note that NUL bytes are still unsupported, as Bash variables don't allow NULs.
# See https://stackoverflow.com/a/22607352/113632
read_input() {
# Use unusual variable names to avoid colliding with a variable name
# the user might pass in (notably "contents")
: "${1:?Must provide a variable to read into}"
if [[ "$1" == '_line' || "$1" == '_contents' ]]; then
echo "Cannot store contents to $1, use a different name." >&2
return 1
fi
local _line _contents=()
while IFS='' read -r _line; do
_contents+=("$_line"$'\n')
done
# include $_line once more to capture any content after the last newline
printf -v "$1" '%s' "${_contents[#]}" "$_line"
}
This supports inputs with or without trailing newlines.
Example usage:
$ read_input file_contents < /tmp/file
# $file_contents now contains the contents of /tmp/file

Answer 7

All the given solutions are quite slow, so:
mapfile -d '' content </etc/passwd # Read file into an array
content="${content[*]%$'\n'}" # Remove trailing newline
Would be nice to optimise it even more but I can't think of much
Update: Found a faster way
read -rd '' content </etc/passwd
This will return exit code of 1 so if you need it
to be always 0:
read -rd '' content </etc/passwd || :

Answer 8

I use:
NGINX_PID=`cat -s "/sdcard/server/nginx/logs/nginx.pid" 2>/dev/null`
if [ "$NGINX_PID" = "" ]; then
echo "..."
exit
fi

Answer 9

You can access 1 line at a time by for loop
#!/bin/bash -eu
#This script prints contents of /etc/passwd line by line
FILENAME='/etc/passwd'
I=0
for LN in $(cat $FILENAME)
do
echo "Line number $((I++)) --> $LN"
done
Copy the entire content to File (say line.sh ) ; Execute
chmod +x line.sh
./line.sh