I have noticed that mathematica chokes out on certain definite integrals, but if I do an indeifinite integration and subtract the limiting values of the resulting function, it would readily give me an answer.
Are there different algorithms to compute the definite and indefinite integrals? Is there some reason the above procedure described isn't done by Mathematica manually?
Examples:
As people in the comment asked for examples, here are two.
Timing[Integrate[(r - c x)/(r^2 + c^2 - (2 r) c x)^(3/2), x]]
Out:={0.010452,(-c+r x)/(r^2 Sqrt[c^2+r^2-2 c r x])}
Gets the output immediately. While,
Integrate[(r - c x)/(r^2 + c^2 - (2 r) c x)^(3/2), {x, -1, 1}]
Keeps computing and slows my old computer down. After a bit of time it returns an unneccesarily long result with a lot of cases. This is Mathematica 7. There are no singularities in this integral or running into complex numbers etc. To get the value, let's abort the computation running for about a minutes now and find the value using the fundamental theorem of calculus manually.
g = (r - c x)/(r^2 + c^2 - (2 r) c x)^(3/2)
l = Integrate[g, x] /. x -> -1;
u = Integrate[g, x] /. x -> 1;
u - l
Out:= (-c+r)/(r^2 Sqrt[c^2-2 c r+r^2])-(-c-r)/(r^2 Sqrt[c^2+2 c r+r^2])
FullSimplify[%]
Out:= ((-c+r)/Sqrt[(c-r)^2]+(c+r)/Sqrt[(c+r)^2])/r^2
Which is actually correct. Finally, for completeness, let's compare the output and the time for the definite integral:
Timing[Integrate[(r - c x)/(r^2 + c^2 - (2 r) c x)^(3/2), {x, -1,
1}]]
Out:= {174.52,If[(Re[c/r+r/c]>=2||2+Re[c/r+r/c]<=0||c/r+r/c\[NotElement]Reals)&&((Im[r] Re[c]+Im[c] Re[r]<=0&&((Im[c]+Im[r]) (Re[c]+Re[r])>=0||Im[c]^3 Re[r]+Im[r] Re[c] (Im[r]^2-Re[c]^2+Re[r]^2)>=Im[c] (Im[c] Im[r] Re[c]+Re[r] (Im[r]^2 ... blah blah half a page
Note the three minutes computation time and the very confused answer.
An actual example from my work, I noticed it and was puzzled but forgot about it after the deadline submission, until today when I faced the same problem again.
f = 1/((-I c + k^2/2 - 1/2 (a + k)^2) (I d + k^2/2 -
1/2 (-b + k)^2)) + 1/((I c + k^2/2 - 1/2 (-a + k)^2) (I c + I d +
k^2/2 - 1/2 (-a - b + k)^2)) + 1/((I d + k^2/2 -
1/2 (-b + k)^2) (I c + I d + k^2/2 -
1/2 (-a - b + k)^2)) + 1/((I c + k^2/2 - 1/2 (-a + k)^2) (-I d +
k^2/2 - 1/2 (b + k)^2)) + 1/((-I c + k^2/2 -
1/2 (a + k)^2) (-I c - I d + k^2/2 -
1/2 (a + b + k)^2)) + 1/((-I d + k^2/2 - 1/2 (b + k)^2) (-I c -
I d + k^2/2 - 1/2 (a + b + k)^2))
When I tried the definite integral, I waited and waited, after several hours (true!) I finally decided to try the workaround that worked in no time:
fl = Integrate[f, k] /. k -> -1 ;
fu = Integrate[f, k] /. k -> 1 ;
F = fu - fl;
F1 = F /. {a -> .01, c -> 0, d -> 1};
Please note that I am not talking about singularities as one comment suggested. Integrate[1/x, {x, -1, 1}] almost immediately returns Integrate::idiv: Integral of 1/x does not converge on {-1,1}. >> which is a perfectly reasonable output.
I think Daniel is right in his comment above: "Most likely is the definite integration code is checking for singularities on the integration path"
Just look:
Timing#Integrate[(r - c x)/(r^2 + c^2 - (2 r) c x)^(3/2), {x, -1, 1}]
Result -> None, I got bored waiting and aborted the calc
While:
Timing#Integrate[(r - c x)/(r^2 + c^2 - (2 r) c x)^(3/2), {x, -1, 1},
Assumptions -> {r ∈ Reals && c ∈ Reals && c != r && c != -r}]
->{3.688, (-Sign[c - r] + Sign[c + r])/r^2}
So, it is a matter of which conditions you specify for your constants.
Another way is suggested in Simon's comment above:
Timing#Integrate[(r - c x)/(r^2 + c^2 - (2 r) c x)^(3/2), {x, -1, 1},
GenerateConditions -> False]
{10.375, ((-c + r)/Sqrt[(c - r)^2] + (c + r)/Sqrt[(c + r)^2])/r^2}
And finally, you may also do:
Timing#Integrate[(r - c x)/(r^2 + c^2 - (2 r) c x)^(3/2), {x, -1, 1},
GenerateConditions -> True]
{16.45, ConditionalExpression[.. A long expression ...., Re[c^2 + r^2] > 0]}
Belisarius answered this. I just wanted to be a bit specific about what I meant in the comment, and how it applies to this example.
The denominator in the integrand makes it clear that we have a problem if, say, r and c are real, positive, and r
In[1]:= InputForm[Timing[Integrate[(r - c*x)/(r^2 + c^2 - 2*r*c*x)^(3/2),
{x, -1, 1}, Assumptions->r>c>0]]]
Out[1]//InputForm= {2.33, 2/r^2}
Absent useful assumptions, Integrate can take significant time to sort out regions of good vs bad behavior. The technology under the hood is daunting (inequality handling can be that way). And perhaps it is not everywhere applied in the most efficient ways possible.
Further information may be found at
http://library.wolfram.com/infocenter/Conferences/5832/
or
http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2016567.2016569
Daniel Lichtblau
Related
I am attempting a problem that can be solved with MUC (method of undetermined coefficients).
However, when I use the Solve function, it gives an error.
y[x_] := a x^3 + b x^2 + c x + d
Solve[{y''[x] + 2 y'[x] + y[x] == x^3}, {a, b, c, d}]
[ERROR]:
Solve::svars: Equations may not give solutions for all "solve" variables.
Shouldn't this solve for all variables in the set?
Thank You for your help :)
Looks like some extra methodology is needed for this.
As you stated, a function with the finite family of derivatives for x^3 is
y[x_] := a x^3 + b x^2 + c x + d
Equating coefficients
sol = Solve[Thread[CoefficientList[
y''[x] + 2 y'[x] + y[x], x] == CoefficientList[x^3, x]]]
{{a -> 1, b -> -6, c -> 18, d -> -24}}
Checking the results
FullSimplify[y''[x] + 2 y'[x] + y[x] == x^3 /. sol]
{True}
I have an equation (parentheses are used because of VBA code)
Y=(P/(12E((bt^3)/12))*A
and i know every variables but not "b". Is there any way how to ask Wolfram Alpha to "redefine" (not solve) equation so I can see something like following: I tried to do it manually (but result is not OK)
b=((P/EY)*12A))/t^3
I wish to see how right equation will look.
Original equation is on picture below
where
equation in [,] I simplified by A
I'm not sure if there's a way to tell Wolfram|Alpha to rearrange for a particular variable; in general it will usually try to rearrange for x or y.
If I substitute b for x in your equation and use the following query:
solve Y - (P/(12E((xt^3)/12))*A) = 0
then Wolfram Alpha returns the result you're looking for: x (b) expressed in terms of the other variables. Specifically:
x = A P / (E t^3 Y) for tY != 0 and AP != 0
I know that your question was about Wolfram Alpha, that you do not want to "solve", but here is one way you could do it in Mathematica using your real question. I renamed I into J because I is a reserved symbol in Mathematica for the imaginary unit.
J = b t^3/12;
expr = (P / (12 E J) ) (4 L1^3 + 3 R ( 2 Pi L1^2 + Pi R^2 + 8 L1 R ) + 12 L2 (L1 + R)^2)
Solve[ Y == expr , b]
Result
{{b -> (P (4 L1^3 + 12 L1^2 L2 + 24 L1 L2 R + 6 L1^2 \[Pi] R + 24 L1 R^2 + 12 L2 R^2 + 3 \[Pi] R^3))/(E t^3 Y)}}
I have this expression in Mathematica:
(a^2 (alpha + beta)^2)/(b^2 + c^2) + (a (alpha + beta))/(b^2 + c^2) + 1
As you can see, the expression has a couple of subexpressions that repeat throughout it.
I want to be able to replace a/(b^2+c^2) with d and alpha+beta with gamma.
The final expression should then be:
1+d*gamma+a*d*gamma^2
I have much more complicated expressions where being able to do this would greatly simplify my work.
I have tried Googling this question, and I only find answers that use FactorTerms and ReplaceRepeated, but do not work consistently and for a more complicated expression like this one. I am hoping that someone here has the answer.
The hard part for the case at hand is the rule for d. Perhaps, there are simpler ways to do it, but one way is to expand the powers to products, to make it work. Let's say this is your expression:
expr = (a^2 (alpha + beta)^2)/(b^2 + c^2) + (a (alpha + beta))/(b^2 + c^2) + 1
and these are the rules one would naively write:
rules = {a/(b^2 + c^2) -> d, alpha + beta -> gamma}
What we would like to do now is to expand powers to products, in both expr and rules. The problem is that even if we do, they will auto-evaluate back to powers. To prevent that, we'll need to wrap them into, for example, Hold. Here is a function which will help us:
Clear[withExpandedPowers];
withExpandedPowers[expr_, f_: Hold] :=
Module[{times},
Apply[f,
Hold[expr] /. x_^(n_Integer?Positive) :>
With[{eval = times ## Table[x, {n}]}, eval /; True] /.
times -> Times //.
HoldPattern[Times[left___, Times[middle__], right___]] :>
Times[left, middle, right]]];
For example:
In[39]:= withExpandedPowers[expr]
Out[39]= Hold[1+(a (alpha+beta))/(b b+c c)+((alpha+beta) (alpha+beta) a a)/(b b+c c)]
The following will then do the job:
In[40]:=
ReleaseHold[
withExpandedPowers[expr] //.
withExpandedPowers[Map[MapAt[HoldPattern, #, 1] &, rules], Identity]]
Out[40]= 1 + d gamma + a d gamma^2
We had to additionally wrap the l.h.s. of rules in HoldPattern, to prevent products from collapsing back to powers there.
This is just one case where we had to fight the auto-simplification mechanism of Mathematica, but for this sort of problems this will be the main obstacle. I can't assess how robust this will be for larger and more complex expressions.
Using ReplaceRepeated:
(a^2 (alpha + beta)^2)/(b^2 + c^2) + (a (alpha + beta))/(b^2 + c^2) +
1 //. {a/(b^2 + c^2) -> d, alpha + beta -> gamma}
Or using TransformationFunctions:
FullSimplify[(a^2 (alpha + beta)^2)/(b^2 +
c^2) + (a (alpha + beta))/(b^2 + c^2) + 1,
TransformationFunctions -> {Automatic, # /.
a/(b^2 + c^2) -> d &, # /. alpha + beta -> gamma &}]
Both give:
1 + gamma (d + (a^2 gamma)/(b^2 + c^2))
I modestly --- I am not a computer scientist --- think this is simpler than all other proposed solutions
1+a(alpha+beta)/(b^2 + c^2) +a^2(alpha+beta)^2/(b^2 + c^2) \\.
{a^2-> a z, a/(b^2 + c^2)-> d,alpha+\beta -> gamma,z-> a}
How do I tell mathematica to do this replacement smartly? (or how do I get smarter at telling mathematica to do what i want)
expr = b + c d + ec + 2 a;
expr /. a + b :> 1
Out = 2 a + b + c d + ec
I expect the answer to be a + cd + ec + 1. And before someone suggests, I don't want to do a :> 1 - b, because for aesthetic purposes, I'd like to have both a and b in my equation as long as the a+b = 1 simplification cannot be made.
In addition, how do I get it to replace all instances of 1-b, -b+1 or -1+b, b-1 with a or -a respectively and vice versa?
Here's an example for this part:
expr = b + c (1 - a) + (-1 + b)(a - 1) + (1 -a -b) d + 2 a
You can use a customised version of FullSimplify by supplying your own transformations to FullSimplify and let it figure out the details:
In[1]:= MySimplify[expr_,equivs_]:= FullSimplify[expr,
TransformationFunctions ->
Prepend[
Function[x,x-#]&/#Flatten#Map[{#,-#}&,equivs/.Equal->Subtract],
Automatic
]
]
In[2]:= MySimplify[2a+b+c*d+e*c, {a+b==1}]
Out[2]= a + c(d + e) + 1
equivs/.Equal->Subtract turns given equations into expressions equal to zero (e.g. a+b==1 -> a+b-1). Flatten#Map[{#,-#}&, ] then constructs also negated versions and flattens them into a single list. Function[x,x-#]& /# turns the zero expressions into functions, which subtract the zero expressions (the #) from what is later given to them (x) by FullSimplify.
It may be necessary to specify your own ComplexityFunction for FullSimplify, too, if your idea of simple differs from FullSimplify's default ComplexityFunction (which is roughly equivalent to LeafCount), e.g.:
MySimplify[expr_, equivs_] := FullSimplify[expr,
TransformationFunctions ->
Prepend[
Function[x,x-#]&/#Flatten#Map[{#,-#}&,equivs/.Equal->Subtract],
Automatic
],
ComplexityFunction -> (
1000 LeafCount[#] +
Composition[
Total,Flatten,Map[ArrayDepth[#]#&,#]&,CoefficientArrays
][#] &
)
]
In your example case, the default ComplexityFunction works fine, though.
For the first case, you might consider:
expr = b + c d + ec + 2 a
PolynomialReduce[expr, {a + b - 1}, {b, a}][[2]]
For the second case, consider:
expr = b + c (1 - a) + (-1 + b) (a - 1) + (1 - a - b) d + 2 a;
PolynomialReduce[expr, {x + b - 1}][[2]]
(% /. x -> 1 - b) == expr // Simplify
and:
PolynomialReduce[expr, {a + b - 1}][[2]]
Simplify[% == expr /. a -> 1 - b]
I have the following expression
(-1 + 1/p)^B/(-1 + (-1 + 1/p)^(A + B))
How can I multiply both the denominator and numberator by p^(A+B), i.e. to get rid of the denominators in both numerator and denominator? I tried varous Expand, Factor, Simplify etc. but none of them worked.
Thanks!
I must say I did not understand the original question. However, while trying to understand the intriguing solution given by belisarius I came up with the following:
expr = (-1 + 1/p)^B/(-1 + (-1 + 1/p)^(A + B));
Together#(PowerExpand#FunctionExpand#Numerator#expr/
PowerExpand#FunctionExpand#Denominator#expr)
Output (as given by belisarius):
Alternatively:
PowerExpand#FunctionExpand#Numerator#expr/PowerExpand#
FunctionExpand#Denominator#expr
gives
or
FunctionExpand#Numerator#expr/FunctionExpand#Denominator#expr
Thanks to belisarius for another nice lesson in the power of Mma.
If I understand you question, you may teach Mma some algebra:
r = {(k__ + Power[a_, b_]) Power[c_, b_] -> (k Power[c, b] + Power[a c, b]),
p_^(a_ + b_) q_^a_ -> p^b ( q p)^(a),
(a_ + b_) c_ -> (a c + b c)
}
and then define
s1 = ((-1 + 1/p)^B/(-1 + (-1 + 1/p)^(A + B)))
f[a_, c_] := (Numerator[a ] c //. r)/(Denominator[a ] c //. r)
So that
f[s1, p^(A + B)]
is
((1 - p)^B*p^A)/((1 - p)^(A + B) - p^(A + B))
Simplify should work, but in your case it doesn't make sense to multiply numerator and denominator by p^(A+B), it doesn't cancel denominators