When I call glGetIntergerv, or any other opengl function, and step through it in gdb, upon reaching it, gdb would skip a few lines and continue stepping later in the code.
Below is the code for loading opengl, and windows. It is the only code that runs before glGetIntergerv, the first opengl call.
HWND window;
HDC dev_context;
HGLRC rend_context;
//Creating the Window
char const *name = "Opengl Test";
HINSTANCE inst = (HINSTANCE)GetModuleHandle(0);
WNDCLASS windowClass;
DWORD dwExStyle = WS_EX_APPWINDOW | WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE;
windowClass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW | CS_OWNDC;
windowClass.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC) WndProcedure;
windowClass.cbClsExtra = 0;
windowClass.cbWndExtra = 0;
windowClass.hInstance = inst;
windowClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_WINLOGO);
windowClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
windowClass.hbrBackground = NULL;
windowClass.lpszMenuName = NULL;
windowClass.lpszClassName = name;
RegisterClass(&windowClass);
window = CreateWindowEx(dwExStyle, name, name, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, inst, NULL);
//Context
dev_context = GetDC( window );
std::cout << dev_context << std::endl;
//Get pixel format
PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd;
memset(&pfd, 0, sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR));
pfd.nSize = sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR);
pfd.nVersion = 1;
pfd.dwFlags = PFD_DOUBLEBUFFER | PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL | PFD_DRAW_TO_WINDOW;
pfd.iPixelType = PFD_TYPE_RGBA;
pfd.cColorBits = 32;
pfd.cDepthBits = 32;
pfd.iLayerType = PFD_MAIN_PLANE;
int nPixelFormat = ChoosePixelFormat(dev_context, &pfd);
SetPixelFormat( dev_context, nPixelFormat, &pfd );
HGLRC temp_rend_context = wglCreateContext( dev_context );
wglMakeCurrent( dev_context, temp_rend_context );
HGLRC (WINAPI *wglCreateContextAttribsARB) (HDC hDC, HGLRC hShareContext, const int *attribList) = (HGLRC (WINAPI *) (HDC hDC, HGLRC hShareContext, const int *attribList)) gl3wGetProcAddress("wglCreateContextAttribsARB");
const int attribs[] = { WGL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB, 3, WGL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB, 0, WGL_CONTEXT_FLAGS_ARB, /*WGL_CONTEXT_FORWARD_COMPATIBLE_BIT_ARB*/0, 0};
rend_context = wglCreateContextAttribsARB(dev_context, 0, attribs);
wglMakeCurrent(0,0);
wglDeleteContext(temp_rend_context);
wglMakeCurrent(dev_context, rend_context);
gl3wInit();
int glVersion[2] = {-1, -1};
glGetIntegerv(GL_MAJOR_VERSION, &glVersion[0]); //First gl call
glGetIntegerv(GL_MINOR_VERSION, &glVersion[1]);
Below is my WndProcedure function:
static LRESULT CALLBACK WndProcedure(HWND hWnd, UINT Msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam){
switch(Msg){
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(WM_QUIT);
return 0;
default:
return DefWindowProc(hWnd, Msg, wParam, lParam);
}
}
I am using the gl3w library for loading the opengl functions.
It sounds like you have a mismatch either in calling convention or parameter list, or both, which is corrupting the stack enough to screw up the call return address.
Double check that the opengl .h file(s) you're compiling with match the version of the opengl .dll(s) that you're calling. Double check that any conditional defines required for Windows are defined and enabled for the .h file. The norm for calling conventions in Win API calls is STDCALL. If you see no calling convention on the gl functions in your .h file, be suspicious.
I vaguely recall that STDCALL and cdecl calling conventions push the parameters onto the stack in the same order (right to left) but differ in who is responsible for adjusting the stack pointer after the call. I believe STDCALL expects the callee to pop the stack, whereas with cdecl the caller restores the stack pointer after the call returns.
What this means is if the caller is making a cdecl call but the callee is actually STDCALL, the parameters will make it into the call just fine but all hell will break loose on the return. Depending on which way the mismatch runs, either the stack pointer won't be adjusted at all or it will be over adjusted (adjusted twice).
Here is the code I use create a GL context and use GL3 features.
Now I know this is C# but you get the picture. There is no reason to create two GL contexts to use OpenGL3... unless im totally missing what your saying.
void Init(IntPtr handle, bool fullscreen, bool vSync)
{
this.handle = handle;
#if WINDOWS
//Get DC
dc = WGL.GetDC(handle);
WGL.SwapBuffers(dc);
//Set BackBuffer format
WGL.PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd = new WGL.PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR();
WGL.ZeroPixelDescriptor(ref pfd);
pfd.nVersion = 1;
pfd.dwFlags = WGL.PFD_DRAW_TO_WINDOW | WGL.PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL | WGL.PFD_DOUBLEBUFFER;
pfd.iPixelType = (byte)WGL.PFD_TYPE_RGBA;
pfd.cColorBits = 24;
pfd.cAlphaBits = 8;
pfd.cDepthBits = 16;
pfd.iLayerType = (byte)WGL.PFD_MAIN_PLANE;
unsafe{pfd.nSize = (ushort)sizeof(WGL.PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR);}
int pixelFormatIndex = WGL.ChoosePixelFormat(dc, ref pfd);
if (pixelFormatIndex == 0) Debug.ThrowError("Video", "ChoosePixelFormat failed");
if (WGL.SetPixelFormat(dc, pixelFormatIndex, ref pfd) == 0) Debug.ThrowError("Video", "Failed to set PixelFormat");
ctx = WGL.CreateContext(dc);
if (ctx == IntPtr.Zero) Debug.ThrowError("Video", "Failed to create GL context");
if (WGL.MakeCurrent(dc, ctx) == 0) Debug.ThrowError("Video", "Failed to make GL context current");
WGL.Init();//<< load 'wglSwapIntervalEXT'
WGL.SwapInterval(vSync ? 1 : 0);
}
And to load GL extensions:
public const string DLL = "opengl32";
[DllImport(DLL, EntryPoint = "wglGetProcAddress", ExactSpelling = true)]
private static extern IntPtr getProcAddress(string procedureName);
Related
https://learn.microsoft.com/ko-kr/windows/win32/direct2d/direct2d-quickstart-with-device-context
By following above, I typed the Direct2D base code which draw a rectangle. But It didn't draw anything. What is the reason?
It is the result after making a empty project and setting sub system to WINDOW in project properties.
#pragma comment(lib, "D2D1.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "D3D11.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "DXGI.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "dxguid.lib")
#include <windows.h>
#include <d2d1.h>
#include <d2d1helper.h>
#include <d2d1_1.h>
#include <d3d11.h>
#include <dxgi.h>
#include <dxgi1_2.h>
#include <wrl.h>
#include <wincodec.h>
using namespace D2D1;
using namespace Microsoft::WRL;
HINSTANCE g_hInst;
HWND hWndMain;
LPCTSTR lpszClass = TEXT("DeviceContext Test");
int m_dpi = 96;
ComPtr<ID2D1Factory1> m_d2dFactory;
D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL m_featureLevel;
ComPtr<ID2D1Device> m_d2dDevice;
ComPtr<ID2D1DeviceContext> m_d2dContext;
ComPtr<IDXGISwapChain1> m_swapChain;
ComPtr<ID2D1Bitmap1> m_d2dTargetBitmap;
ComPtr<ID3D11Device> device;
ComPtr<ID3D11DeviceContext> context;
ComPtr<IDXGIDevice1> dxgiDevice;
ComPtr<IDXGIAdapter> dxgiAdapter;
ComPtr<IDXGIFactory2> dxgiFactory;
ComPtr<ID3D11Texture2D> backBuffer;
ComPtr<IDXGISurface> dxgiBackBuffer;
void onInit();
void onPaint();
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
int APIENTRY WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance
, LPSTR lpszCmdParam, int nCmdShow)
{
HWND hWnd;
MSG Message;
WNDCLASS WndClass;
g_hInst = hInstance;
WndClass.cbClsExtra = 0;
WndClass.cbWndExtra = 0;
WndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW + 1);
WndClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
WndClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
WndClass.hInstance = hInstance;
WndClass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
WndClass.lpszClassName = lpszClass;
WndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL;
WndClass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
RegisterClass(&WndClass);
hWnd = CreateWindow(lpszClass, lpszClass, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
//CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
1400, 500, 500, 500,
NULL, (HMENU)NULL, hInstance, NULL);
hWndMain = hWnd;
ShowWindow(hWnd, nCmdShow);
while (GetMessage(&Message, NULL, 0, 0)) {
TranslateMessage(&Message);
DispatchMessage(&Message);
}
return (int)Message.wParam;
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT iMessage, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
HDC hdc;
PAINTSTRUCT ps;
switch (iMessage) {
case WM_CREATE:
hWndMain = hWnd;
onInit();
return 0;
case WM_PAINT:
hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps);
EndPaint(hWnd, &ps);
onPaint();
InvalidateRect(hWnd, 0, 0);
return 0;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(0);
return 0;
}
return(DefWindowProc(hWnd, iMessage, wParam, lParam));
}
void onPaint()
{
HRESULT res;
m_d2dContext->SetTarget(m_d2dTargetBitmap.Get());
auto size = m_d2dTargetBitmap->GetSize();
ComPtr<ID2D1SolidColorBrush> pBlackBrush;
res = m_d2dContext->CreateSolidColorBrush(
D2D1::ColorF(D2D1::ColorF::Black),
&pBlackBrush
);
m_d2dContext->BeginDraw();
D2D1_RECT_F rc;
rc.left = rc.top = 100;
rc.right = rc.bottom = 200;
m_d2dContext->DrawRectangle(rc, pBlackBrush.Get());
res = m_d2dContext->EndDraw();
RECT rect = { 0, 0, 400, 400 };
DXGI_PRESENT_PARAMETERS parameters;
parameters.DirtyRectsCount = 1;
parameters.pDirtyRects = ▭
parameters.pScrollOffset = 0;
parameters.pScrollRect = 0;
res = m_swapChain->Present1(1, 0, ¶meters);
}
void onInit()
{
D2D1_FACTORY_OPTIONS options;
options.debugLevel = D2D1_DEBUG_LEVEL_ERROR;
D2D1CreateFactory(D2D1_FACTORY_TYPE_SINGLE_THREADED, __uuidof(ID2D1Factory1), &options, &m_d2dFactory);
// This flag adds support for surfaces with a different color channel ordering than the API default.
// You need it for compatibility with Direct2D.
UINT creationFlags = D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_BGRA_SUPPORT;
// This array defines the set of DirectX hardware feature levels this app supports.
// The ordering is important and you should preserve it.
// Don't forget to declare your app's minimum required feature level in its
// description. All apps are assumed to support 9.1 unless otherwise stated.
D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevels[] =
{
D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_1,
D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0,
D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_1,
D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0,
D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_3,
D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_2,
D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_1
};
// Create the DX11 API device object, and get a corresponding context.
D3D11CreateDevice(
nullptr, // specify null to use the default adapter
D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE,
0,
creationFlags, // optionally set debug and Direct2D compatibility flags
featureLevels, // list of feature levels this app can support
ARRAYSIZE(featureLevels), // number of possible feature levels
D3D11_SDK_VERSION,
&device, // returns the Direct3D device created
&m_featureLevel, // returns feature level of device created
&context // returns the device immediate context
);
// Obtain the underlying DXGI device of the Direct3D11 device.
device.As(&dxgiDevice);
// Obtain the Direct2D device for 2-D rendering.
m_d2dFactory->CreateDevice(dxgiDevice.Get(), &m_d2dDevice);
// Get Direct2D device's corresponding device context object.
m_d2dDevice->CreateDeviceContext(
D2D1_DEVICE_CONTEXT_OPTIONS_NONE,
&m_d2dContext
);
// Allocate a descriptor.
DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC1 swapChainDesc = { 0 };
swapChainDesc.Width = 0; // use automatic sizing
swapChainDesc.Height = 0;
swapChainDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM; // this is the most common swapchain format
swapChainDesc.Stereo = false;
swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1; // don't use multi-sampling
swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
swapChainDesc.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
swapChainDesc.BufferCount = 2; // use double buffering to enable flip
swapChainDesc.Scaling = DXGI_SCALING_NONE;
swapChainDesc.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_FLIP_SEQUENTIAL; // all apps must use this SwapEffect
swapChainDesc.Flags = 0;
// Identify the physical adapter (GPU or card) this device is runs on.
dxgiDevice->GetAdapter(&dxgiAdapter);
// Get the factory object that created the DXGI device.
dxgiAdapter->GetParent(IID_PPV_ARGS(&dxgiFactory));
// Get the final swap chain for this window from the DXGI factory.
dxgiFactory->CreateSwapChainForHwnd(
device.Get(),
hWndMain,
&swapChainDesc,
nullptr, // allow on all displays
nullptr,
&m_swapChain
);
// Ensure that DXGI doesn't queue more than one frame at a time.
dxgiDevice->SetMaximumFrameLatency(1);
// Get the backbuffer for this window which is be the final 3D render target.
m_swapChain->GetBuffer(0, IID_PPV_ARGS(&backBuffer));
// Now we set up the Direct2D render target bitmap linked to the swapchain.
// Whenever we render to this bitmap, it is directly rendered to the
// swap chain associated with the window.
D2D1_BITMAP_PROPERTIES1 bitmapProperties =
BitmapProperties1(
D2D1_BITMAP_OPTIONS_TARGET | D2D1_BITMAP_OPTIONS_CANNOT_DRAW,
PixelFormat(DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM, D2D1_ALPHA_MODE_IGNORE),
m_dpi,
m_dpi
);
// Direct2D needs the dxgi version of the backbuffer surface pointer.
m_swapChain->GetBuffer(0, IID_PPV_ARGS(&dxgiBackBuffer));
// Get a D2D surface from the DXGI back buffer to use as the D2D render target.
m_d2dContext->CreateBitmapFromDxgiSurface(
dxgiBackBuffer.Get(),
&bitmapProperties,
&m_d2dTargetBitmap
);
}
I'm creating a c++ project using Embarcadero RAD Studio (10.2 Tokyo starter) and the Windows GDI to draw text, via the DrawText() function.
I recently saw that Windows 10 provides a new "Segoe UI Emoji" font, that potentially allows text functions to draw colored emojis. I found several examples using Direct2D, but none with pure GDI functions.
I also tried a simple code, like this:
HDC hDC = ::GetDC(Handle);
std::auto_ptr<TCanvas> pCanvas(new TCanvas());
pCanvas->Handle = hDC;
pCanvas->Brush->Color = clWhite;
pCanvas->Brush->Style = bsSolid;
pCanvas->FillRect(TRect(0, 0, ClientWidth, ClientHeight));
const std::wstring text = L"Test 😀 😬 😁 😂 😃 😄 😅 😆";
TRect textRect(10, 10, ClientWidth - 10, ClientHeight - 10);
hFont = ::CreateFont(-40,
0,
0,
0,
FW_DONTCARE,
FALSE,
FALSE,
FALSE,
DEFAULT_CHARSET,
OUT_OUTLINE_PRECIS,
CLIP_DEFAULT_PRECIS,
CLEARTYPE_QUALITY,
VARIABLE_PITCH,
L"Segoe UI Emoji");
::SelectObject(hDC, hFont);
::DrawTextW(hDC,
text.c_str(),
text.length(),
&textRect,
DT_LEFT | DT_TOP | DT_SINGLELINE);
::DeleteObject(hFont);
The output result sounds good in terms of symbols, but they are drawn in black&white, without colors, as you can see on the screenshot below:
I could not find any additional options that may allow the text to be drawn using colored symbols instead of black&white. Is there a way to activate the support of the color in GDI DrawText() function, and if yes, how to do that? Or only Direct2D may draw colored emojis?
EDITED on 30.10.2017
As the GDI cannot do the job (unfortunately, and as I thought) I publish here the Direct2D version of the above code, that worked for me.
const std::wstring text = L"Test 😀 😬 😁 😂 😃 😄 😅 😆";
HDC hDC = ::GetDC(Handle);
std::auto_ptr<TCanvas> pGDICanvas(new TCanvas());
pGDICanvas->Handle = hDC;
pGDICanvas->Brush->Color = clWhite;
pGDICanvas->Brush->Style = bsSolid;
pGDICanvas->FillRect(TRect(0, 0, ClientWidth, ClientHeight));
::D2D1_RECT_F textRect;
textRect.left = 10;
textRect.top = 10;
textRect.right = ClientWidth - 10;
textRect.bottom = ClientHeight - 10;
std::auto_ptr<TDirect2DCanvas> pCanvas(new TDirect2DCanvas(hDC, TRect(0, 0, ClientWidth, ClientHeight)));
// configure Direct2D font
pCanvas->Font->Size = 40;
pCanvas->Font->Name = L"Segoe UI Emoji";
pCanvas->Font->Orientation = 0;
pCanvas->Font->Pitch = System::Uitypes::TFontPitch::fpVariable;
pCanvas->Font->Style = TFontStyles();
// get DirectWrite text format object
_di_IDWriteTextFormat pFormat = pCanvas->Font->Handle;
if (!pFormat)
return;
pCanvas->RenderTarget->SetTextAntialiasMode(D2D1_TEXT_ANTIALIAS_MODE_CLEARTYPE);
::D2D1_COLOR_F color;
color.r = 0.0f;
color.g = 0.0f;
color.b = 0.0f;
color.a = 1.0f;
::ID2D1SolidColorBrush* pBrush = NULL;
// create solid color brush, use pen color if rect is completely filled with outline
pCanvas->RenderTarget->CreateSolidColorBrush(color, &pBrush);
if (!pBrush)
return;
// set horiz alignment
pFormat->SetTextAlignment(DWRITE_TEXT_ALIGNMENT_LEADING);
// set vert alignment
pFormat->SetParagraphAlignment(DWRITE_PARAGRAPH_ALIGNMENT_NEAR);
// set reading direction
pFormat->SetReadingDirection(DWRITE_READING_DIRECTION_LEFT_TO_RIGHT);
// set word wrapping mode
pFormat->SetWordWrapping(DWRITE_WORD_WRAPPING_NO_WRAP);
IDWriteInlineObject* pInlineObject = NULL;
::DWRITE_TRIMMING trimming;
trimming.delimiter = 0;
trimming.delimiterCount = 0;
trimming.granularity = DWRITE_TRIMMING_GRANULARITY_NONE;
// set text trimming
pFormat->SetTrimming(&trimming, pInlineObject);
pCanvas->BeginDraw();
pCanvas->RenderTarget->DrawText(text.c_str(), text.length(), pFormat, textRect, pBrush,
D2D1_DRAW_TEXT_OPTIONS_ENABLE_COLOR_FONT);
pCanvas->EndDraw();
Of course this code will draw colored emojis only on the currently most recent versions of Windows 10, and above. On previous versions the text will be drawn as above (and the code may not compile).
Bonus Reading
MSDN: Color Fonts with DirectWrite, Direct2D, and Win2D
GDI does not support color fonts (even if you go the full Uniscribe route), you have to use Direct2D if you want color font support. It makes sense that the simpler GDI APIs don't support color fonts as color fonts require using OpenType tags and none of DrawText/TextOut provide that level of control, Uniscribe allows for such tags but has simply not been extended to support color fonts.
You can use DirectWrite to draw colored emojis onto a bitmap in memory DC, then BitBlt() to your destination DC.
Basically, you need to implement a custom IDWriteTextRenderer class and call IDWriteTextLayout::Draw() with your renderer, then copy the result.
In your class, you retrieve IDWriteGdiInterop from IDWriteFactory and call IDWriteGdiInterop::CreateBitmapRenderTarget() to get the bitmap render target; call IDWriteFactory::CreateMonitorRenderingParams() to get the rendering parameters, and call IDWriteFactory::CreateTextFormat() to set up your text format.
The only significant method is DrawGlyphRun(), where you get IDWriteColorGlyphRunEnumerator with IDWriteFactory2::TranslateColorGlyphRun() and with each color run, call IDWriteBitmapRenderTarget::DrawGlyphRun() to do the work for you.
Just remember to update the render target/parameters when the window size/position changes.
You may reference this MSDN documentation:
Render to a GDI Surface
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ff485856(v=vs.85).aspx
As mentioned by #SoronelHaetir's answer above, the win32 graphics device interface (GDI) that is used when working with static window components (via WC_STATIC) doesn't support colorized fonts. In order to display colored emojis and/or "fancier" text (i.e. colored text, etc.), you'll need to use the Direct2D API.
The example above provided by original poster (OP) #Jean-Milost Reymond isn't something that is immediately able to be compiled and tried out by the reader. Also, it uses the TCanvas class, which isn't strictly needed when working directly with the Win32 API.
For people looking for a complete example that works on the bare-metal Win32 API and can be immediately copied and pasted and compiled, then here is the code that will compile in Visual Studio:
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN // Exclude rarely-used stuff from Windows headers
// Windows Header Files
#include <windows.h>
// C RunTime Header Files
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <memory.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#include <wchar.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <d2d1.h>
#include <d2d1helper.h>
#include <dwrite.h>
#include <wincodec.h>
#include <string>
#include <cassert>
#pragma comment(lib, "d2d1.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "Dwrite.lib")
HWND WindowHandle = nullptr;
IDWriteFactory * DWriteFactory = nullptr;
ID2D1Factory * Direct2dFactory = nullptr;
ID2D1HwndRenderTarget * RenderTarget = nullptr;
ID2D1SolidColorBrush * TextBlackBrush = nullptr;
const std::wstring DISPLAY_TEXT = L"Test 😀 😬 😁 😂 😃 😄 😅 😆";
template<class Interface>
inline void SafeRelease (Interface ** ppInterfaceToRelease);
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd,
UINT message,
WPARAM wParam,
LPARAM lParam);
HRESULT CreateDeviceIndependentResources ();
HRESULT InitInstance (HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow);
void DiscardDeviceResources ();
HRESULT OnRender ();
HRESULT CreateDeviceResources ();
template<class Interface>
inline void SafeRelease (Interface ** ppInterfaceToRelease)
{
if (*ppInterfaceToRelease != NULL)
{
(*ppInterfaceToRelease)->Release ();
(*ppInterfaceToRelease) = NULL;
}
}
HRESULT OnRender ()
{
HRESULT Result = S_OK;
D2D1_SIZE_F RenderCanvasArea = { 0 };
IDWriteTextFormat * TextFormat = nullptr;
D2D1_RECT_F TextCanvasArea = { 0 };
Result = CreateDeviceResources ();
if (SUCCEEDED (Result))
{
RenderTarget->BeginDraw ();
RenderCanvasArea = RenderTarget->GetSize ();
RenderTarget->Clear (D2D1::ColorF (D2D1::ColorF::White));
if (SUCCEEDED (Result))
{
Result = DWriteFactory->CreateTextFormat (L"Segoe UI",
nullptr,
DWRITE_FONT_WEIGHT_REGULAR,
DWRITE_FONT_STYLE_NORMAL,
DWRITE_FONT_STRETCH_NORMAL,
25.0f,
L"en-us",
&TextFormat);
TextFormat->SetTextAlignment (DWRITE_TEXT_ALIGNMENT_LEADING);
TextFormat->SetParagraphAlignment (DWRITE_PARAGRAPH_ALIGNMENT_NEAR);
TextFormat->SetReadingDirection (DWRITE_READING_DIRECTION_LEFT_TO_RIGHT);
TextFormat->SetWordWrapping (DWRITE_WORD_WRAPPING_WRAP);
if (SUCCEEDED (Result) &&
TextFormat != nullptr)
{
TextCanvasArea = D2D1::RectF (0,
0,
RenderCanvasArea.width,
RenderCanvasArea.height);
RenderTarget->DrawTextW (DISPLAY_TEXT.c_str (),
static_cast <UINT32> (DISPLAY_TEXT.size ()),
TextFormat,
TextCanvasArea,
TextBlackBrush,
D2D1_DRAW_TEXT_OPTIONS_ENABLE_COLOR_FONT);
}
}
Result = RenderTarget->EndDraw ();
}
if (Result == D2DERR_RECREATE_TARGET)
{
DiscardDeviceResources ();
Result = S_OK;
}
return Result;
}
HRESULT CreateDeviceResources ()
{
HRESULT Result = S_OK;
RECT rc = { 0 };
if (!RenderTarget)
{
GetClientRect (WindowHandle,
&rc);
D2D1_SIZE_U size = D2D1::SizeU (rc.right - rc.left,
rc.bottom - rc.top);
// Create a Direct2D render target.
Result = Direct2dFactory->CreateHwndRenderTarget (D2D1::RenderTargetProperties (),
D2D1::HwndRenderTargetProperties (WindowHandle, size),
&RenderTarget);
if (SUCCEEDED (Result))
{
// Create a blue brush.
Result = RenderTarget->CreateSolidColorBrush (D2D1::ColorF (D2D1::ColorF::Black),
&TextBlackBrush);
}
}
return Result;
}
void DiscardDeviceResources ()
{
SafeRelease (&RenderTarget);
SafeRelease (&TextBlackBrush);
}
HRESULT InitInstance (HINSTANCE hInstance,
int nCmdShow)
{
HRESULT Result = S_OK;
// Create the window.
WindowHandle = CreateWindow (L"D2DTextDemo",
L"Direct2D Text Demo Application",
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
CW_USEDEFAULT,
CW_USEDEFAULT,
600,
200,
nullptr,
nullptr,
hInstance,
nullptr);
if (WindowHandle == nullptr)
{
Result = E_POINTER;
}
else
{
ShowWindow (WindowHandle,
nCmdShow);
UpdateWindow (WindowHandle);
}
return Result;
}
HRESULT CreateDeviceIndependentResources ()
{
HRESULT Result = S_OK;
Result = D2D1CreateFactory (D2D1_FACTORY_TYPE_SINGLE_THREADED,
&Direct2dFactory);
if (SUCCEEDED (Result))
{
Result = DWriteCreateFactory (DWRITE_FACTORY_TYPE_SHARED,
__uuidof (IDWriteFactory),
reinterpret_cast <IUnknown **> (&DWriteFactory));
}
return Result;
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd,
UINT message,
WPARAM wParam,
LPARAM lParam)
{
LRESULT Result = 0;
switch (message)
{
case WM_SIZE:
{
UINT width = LOWORD (lParam);
UINT height = HIWORD (lParam);
if (RenderTarget != nullptr)
{
// Note: This method can fail, but it's okay to ignore the
// error here, because the error will be returned again
// the next time EndDraw is called.
RenderTarget->Resize (D2D1::SizeU (width,
height));
}
}
break;
case WM_DISPLAYCHANGE:
{
InvalidateRect (hwnd, nullptr, FALSE);
}
break;
case WM_PAINT:
{
OnRender ();
ValidateRect (hwnd,
nullptr);
}
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
{
PostQuitMessage (0);
Result = 1;
}
break;
default:
{
Result = DefWindowProc (hwnd,
message,
wParam,
lParam);
}
break;
}
return Result;
}
int APIENTRY wWinMain (_In_ HINSTANCE hInstance,
_In_opt_ HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
_In_ LPWSTR lpCmdLine,
_In_ int nCmdShow)
{
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER (hInstance);
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER (hPrevInstance);
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER (lpCmdLine);
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER (nCmdShow);
HRESULT ExitCode = S_OK;
MSG NextMessage = { 0 };
WNDCLASSEX wcex = { 0 };
ATOM WindowClassId = 0;
wcex.cbSize = sizeof (WNDCLASSEX);
wcex.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wcex.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
wcex.cbClsExtra = 0;
wcex.cbWndExtra = sizeof (LONG_PTR);
wcex.hInstance = hInstance;
wcex.hbrBackground = nullptr;
wcex.lpszMenuName = nullptr;
wcex.hCursor = LoadCursor (nullptr, IDI_APPLICATION);
wcex.lpszClassName = L"D2DTextDemo";
if (SUCCEEDED (CoInitialize (nullptr)))
{
WindowClassId = RegisterClassEx (&wcex);
if (WindowClassId == 0)
{
ExitCode = HRESULT_FROM_WIN32 (GetLastError ());
}
if (SUCCEEDED (ExitCode))
{
ExitCode = CreateDeviceIndependentResources ();
}
if (SUCCEEDED (ExitCode))
{
ExitCode = InitInstance (hInstance,
nCmdShow);
}
if (SUCCEEDED (ExitCode))
{
while (GetMessage (&NextMessage,
nullptr,
0,
0))
{
TranslateMessage (&NextMessage);
DispatchMessage (&NextMessage);
}
}
CoUninitialize ();
SafeRelease (&Direct2dFactory);
SafeRelease (&DWriteFactory);
SafeRelease (&RenderTarget);
}
return ExitCode;
}
(The above example doesn't have perfect error handling, so it's important to audit this example code if the following is used in any project the reader is working on.)
Before attempting to compile this in Visual Studio, make sure your project has the "SubSystem" linker option set to Windows /SUBSYSTEM:WINDOWS.
Once compiled successfully, the following application window will appear:
I tested this coded example in Visual Studio 2022 Community Edition on Windows 11 with success.
Reference(s):
Creating a Simple Direct2D Application
Tutorial: Getting Started with DirectWrite
I have been expanding my library (Physical library of these weird things called 'books'... I know... I know) and I'm reading Beginning DirectX 9.0 by Wendy Jones. As I have gone through some books in the past that are 'outdated' the logic behind them is actually the same, if not more important in the earlier versions (in my experience) of things like C++ books I have read. The issue I am having with this DirectX 9 book is, 10/10 practice codes, don't work, ever. Even the solutions found on here, and MSDN
didn't work for me. (Identical problem).
So I was hoping if you could tell me before I go and purchase a book on DX11, if it might be something to do with my compiler/vs or the fact that vs is updated 2015, and this DX9 is obselete/DX11 standards have been introduced.
//Include the Windows header file that's needed for all Windows applications
#include <Windows.h>
HINSTANCE hInst; // global handle to hold the application instance
HWND wndHandle; // global variable to hold the window handle
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPTSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow);
//forward declerations
bool initWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance);
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT WPARAM, LPARAM);
//This is winmain, the main etry point for Windows applications
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPTSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
{
//Initialize the window
if (!initWindow(hInstance))
return false;
//main message loop: (See page 13, "Adding the Windows Code" - Chapter 2
MSG msg;
ZeroMemory(&msg, sizeof(msg));
while (msg.message != WM_QUIT);
{
//Check the message queue
while (GetMessage(&msg, wndHandle, 0, 0))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
}
return(int)msg.wParam;
}
/******************************************************************************
* bool initWindow( HINSTANCE hInstance )
* initWindow registers the window class for the application, creates the window
******************************************************************************/
bool initWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance)
{
WNDCLASSEX wcex;
//Fill in the WNDCLASSEX structure. THis describes how the window will look to the system
wcex.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); // the size of the structure
wcex.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW; // the class style
wcex.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WndProc; // the window procedure callback
wcex.cbClsExtra = 0; // extra bytes to allocate for this calss
wcex.cbWndExtra = 0; // extra bytes to allocate for this instance
wcex.hInstance = hInstance; // handle to the application
wcex.hIcon = 0; // icon to associate with the application
wcex.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); // the default cursor
wcex.lpszMenuName = NULL; // the resource name for the menu
wcex.lpszClassName = NULL; // the class name being created
wcex.hIconSm = 0;
RegisterClassEx(&wcex);
//Create the window
wndHandle = CreateWindow(
(LPCWSTR)"DirectXExample", // the window class to use
(LPCWSTR)"DirectXExample", // the title bar text
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, // the window style
CW_USEDEFAULT, // the starting x coordinate
CW_USEDEFAULT, // the starting y coordinate
640, //the pixel width of the window
480, //the pixel height of the window
NULL, // the parent window; NULL for desktop
NULL, // the menu for the application; NULL for none
hInstance, // the handle to the apllication instance
NULL); // no values passed to the window
//make sure that the window handle that is created is valid
if (!wndHandle)
return false;
//Display the window on the screen
ShowWindow(wndHandle, SW_SHOW);
UpdateWindow(wndHandle);
return true;
}
It's perfectly fine to keep using DirectX 9. But your implementation for getting a minimal host window up on the screen has some simple bugs. It also is doing some bad casts between ANSI and wide strings. Let's get you fixed:
Remove the forward declaration of WinMain. This line, just remove it.
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPTSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow);
In the actual function body for WinMain, change the type for lpCmdLine from LPTSTR parameter to be just LPSTR.
//This is winmain, the main etry point for Windows applications
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
{
//Initialize the window
if (!initWindow(hInstance))
Your declaration of WndProc is also incorrect. WndProc should be declared as follows:
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wparam, LPARAM lparam);
Once you fix the above declaration of WndProc, you can take out that bad cast operation in the WNDCLASS initialization. Change this:
wcex.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WndProc; // the window procedure callback
To this:
wcex.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; // the window procedure callback
You are missing a definition of WndProc. You need to implement that function yourself. Here's a minimal implementation:
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
switch (message)
{
case WM_CLOSE:
PostQuitMessage(0);
break;
default:
return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}
return 0;
}
The above will get your code to compile, but it will still have some bugs and won't actually run like it should. Let's fix those.
First, your message pump has an extra ; that is preventing it from actually running and keeping your code in an infinite loop. This line:
while (msg.message != WM_QUIT);
Should be (without the semicolon):
while (msg.message != WM_QUIT)
And while I'm here, your message pump implementation is kind of weird. GetMessage only returns FALSE when msg.message==WM_QUIT So the outer loop is not needed. Change this:
while (msg.message != WM_QUIT)
{
//Check the message queue
while (GetMessage(&msg, wndHandle, 0, 0))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
}
to be this:
//Check the message queue until WM_QUIT is received
while (GetMessage(&msg, wndHandle, 0, 0))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
When you actually implement your graphics loop for your DX app, you can change the GetMessage call to PeekMessage and then explicitly check for WM_QUIT then.
Your initWindow is failing for many reasons.
You are leaving some garbage values in the WNDCLASSEX variable. Change this line:
WNDCLASSEX wcex;
To be this:
WNDCLASSEX wcex = {};
You are forgetting to set wcex.lpszClassName. Make it this:
wcex.lpszClassName = L"DirectXExample";
And then your casting of ANSI strings to (LPCWSTR) is incorrect. To make it easier, here's a fixed version of your initWindow function.
bool initWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance)
{
WNDCLASSEX wcex = {};
//Fill in the WNDCLASSEX structure. THis describes how the window will look to the system
wcex.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); // the size of the structure
wcex.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW; // the class style
wcex.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WndProc; // the window procedure callback
wcex.cbClsExtra = 0; // extra bytes to allocate for this calss
wcex.cbWndExtra = 0; // extra bytes to allocate for this instance
wcex.hInstance = hInstance; // handle to the application
wcex.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); // icon to associate with the application
wcex.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); // the default cursor
wcex.lpszMenuName = NULL; // the resource name for the menu
wcex.lpszClassName = L"DirectXExample"; // the class name being created
wcex.hIconSm = 0;
RegisterClassEx(&wcex);
//Create the window
wndHandle = CreateWindow(
L"DirectXExample", // the window class to use
L"DirectXExample", // the title bar text
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, // the window style
CW_USEDEFAULT, // the starting x coordinate
CW_USEDEFAULT, // the starting y coordinate
640, //the pixel width of the window
480, //the pixel height of the window
NULL, // the parent window; NULL for desktop
NULL, // the menu for the application; NULL for none
hInstance, // the handle to the apllication instance
NULL); // no values passed to the window
//make sure that the window handle that is created is valid
if (!wndHandle)
return false;
//Display the window on the screen
ShowWindow(wndHandle, SW_SHOW);
UpdateWindow(wndHandle);
return true;
}
And that should do it.
I am trying to create an OpenGL window inside of already existing parent window using win32 api. However, when creating a child, the function CreateWindowEx returns NULL with an error 1407 ERROR_CANNOT_FIND_WND_CLASS. The window must be a child so there is a space left for other controls such as buttons and checkboxes...
Part of code that creates the parent window:
WNDCLASSEX wincl;
wincl.style = 0;
wincl.lpszMenuName = NULL;
wincl.lpszClassName = L"WindowClass";
wincl.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
wincl.hInstance = hInstance;
wincl.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDC_ICON);
wincl.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDC_ICON);
wincl.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW);
wincl.cbWndExtra = 0;
wincl.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
wincl.cbClsExtra = 0;
if(!RegisterClassEx(&wincl)){
std::cout << "Window failed to register!" << std::endl;
return false;
}
DWORD style = WS_MINIMIZEBOX | WS_MAXIMIZEBOX | WS_SYSMENU | WS_SIZEBOX;
parentHwnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE,
L"WindowClass",
L"Title",
style,
CW_USEDEFAULT, // X
CW_USEDEFAULT, // Y
800, // Width
600, // Height
NULL,
NULL,
hInstance,
0);
if (parentHwnd == NULL){
std::cout << "Window failed to create!" << std::endl;
return false;
}
ShowWindow(parentHwnd, SW_SHOWNORMAL);
UpdateWindow(parentHwnd);
Inside the message loop, I am creating the child window:
LRESULT WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT Msg, WPARAM wParam , LPARAM lParam){
switch (Msg){
case WM_CREATE:{
// Create child OpenGL window
childHwnd = CreateWindowEx(0,
L"OpenGL",
NULL,
WS_CLIPCHILDREN | WS_VISIBLE,
100, // X
100, // Y
400, // Width
300, // Height
hwnd, // Parent
0, // ID
NULL,
NULL);
// Prints 1407 ERROR_CANNOT_FIND_WND_CLASS
std::cout << "Last error: " << GetLastError() << std::endl;
}
default:{
return DefWindowProc(hwnd, Msg, wParam, lParam);
}
}
return 0;
}
I have looked into several tutorials (NeHe, cs.rit.edu, and many other but I can't post more than 2 links) and all of them used L"OpenGL" as class name for the second argument in the function CreateWindowEx().
What am I doing wrong? Is "OpenGL" a valid class name such as "Edit" / "Static" / "Button" ? Can I replace it with something else? I tried "Static" but it did not rendered anything.
I know there are many libraries (GLFW, SDL, ...) that handle window creation, but I need to use pure win32 API.
UPDATE:
RegisterClass() solved the problem. Here is the code that works for me:
WNDCLASS wc = {0};
wc.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
wc.hInstance = hInstance; // Same hinstance used by parent
wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_BACKGROUND);
wc.lpszClassName = L"OpenGL";
wc.style = CS_OWNDC;
if(!RegisterClass(&wc)){
std::cout << "Failed to register window!" << std::endl;
return false;
}
childHwnd = CreateWindowEx(0, // Must be zero
L"OpenGL",
NULL,
WS_VISIBLE | WS_CHILD,
100, // X
100, // Y
400, // Width
300, // Height
parentHwnd, // Parent HWND
0, // ID
hInstance, // Same hinstance used by parent
NULL);
I'm trying to get an openfile dialog to show up on windows CE 6.0 according to msdn it's the same process as in win32, but it doesn't work. I submit for review the interresting part of the code :
#include <windows.h>
#include <commctrl.h>
#include <winuser.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <Commdlg.h>
/* Prototypes */
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
HWND create_window(int width, int height) ;
void resize_window(int width, int height) ;
HWND g_hWindow ;
/* Function to modify the host window size to match the size of the movie. */
void resize_window(int width, int height)
{
RECT r;
r.left = r.top = 0;
r.right = width ;
r.bottom = height ;
AdjustWindowRectEx(&r,WS_BORDER,false,WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE);
SetWindowPos(g_hWindow, NULL, 0,0,r.right, r.bottom,SWP_NOMOVE|SWP_NOOWNERZORDER|SWP_NOZORDER);
}
HWND create_window(int width, int height)
{
WNDCLASS wce; // A Window class in Windows CE
wce.style = CS_VREDRAW | CS_HREDRAW;
wce.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC) WndProc;
wce.cbClsExtra = 0;
wce.cbWndExtra = 0;
wce.hInstance = GetModuleHandle(NULL);
wce.hIcon = LoadIcon((HINSTANCE) NULL, (LPCWSTR)MB_ICONQUESTION);
wce.hCursor = LoadCursor((HINSTANCE) NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wce.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
wce.lpszMenuName = 0;
wce.lpszClassName = _TEXT("TEST");
if (!RegisterClass(&wce)) return 0;
RECT r;
r.left = r.top = 0;
r.right = width ;
r.bottom = height ;
AdjustWindowRectEx(&r,WS_BORDER,false,WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE);
// Create the window
g_hWindow = CreateWindowEx(
0, // Ex Styles
WS_BORDER, // creates a window that has a thin-line border with no title bar
CW_USEDEFAULT, // x
CW_USEDEFAULT, // y
r.right-r.left, // Height
r.bottom-r.top, // Width
NULL, // Parent Window
NULL, // Menu, or windows id if child
GetModuleHandle(NULL), //
NULL // Pointer to window specific data
);
ShowWindow( g_hWindow, SW_SHOW ); // make the window visible on the display
return g_hWindow ;
}
/*
* Messaging function call back from Windows CE that is passed as
* an argument when the window is created
*/
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd,
UINT msg,
WPARAM wParam,
LPARAM lParam )
{
switch( msg )
{
case WM_ACTIVATEAPP:
// Invalidate to get new text painted.
this->Invalidate();
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(0);
break;
case WM_CREATE:
LPOPENFILENAME opendialog;
wchar_t szFile[260];
opendialog = (LPOPENFILENAME) malloc(sizeof (LPOPENFILENAME));
opendialog->lStructSize = sizeof (LPOPENFILENAME);
opendialog->hwndOwner = g_hWindow;
opendialog->hInstance = GetModuleHandle(NULL);
*szFile = (char_t)_TEXT("\0");
opendialog->lpstrFile = szFile;
opendialog->nFilterIndex = 0;
opendialog->nMaxFile = 256;
opendialog->lpstrInitialDir = NULL;
opendialog->Flags = OFN_PATHMUSTEXIST | OFN_FILEMUSTEXIST;
GetOpenFileName(opendialog);
default:
return DefWindowProc( hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}
return 0;
}
/* Function to hide (or make visible) the taskbar so that the player has the full display */
void set_display(bool set_full)
{
HWND hwndTaskbar = ::FindWindow(L"HHTaskBar", NULL);
if (set_full)
{
::ShowWindow(hwndTaskbar, SW_HIDE);
}
else
{
::ShowWindow(hwndTaskbar, SW_SHOW);
}
g_full_scrn = set_full;
}
int _cdecl WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPWSTR argv, int argc )
{
memset(&g_gfx_context,0,sizeof(g_gfx_context));
create_window(1, 1); // This is a windows CE specific call.
}
LPOPENFILENAME opendialog;
mb_char_t szFile[260];
opendialog = (LPOPENFILENAME) mb_malloc(sizeof (LPOPENFILENAME));
opendialog->lStructSize = sizeof (LPOPENFILENAME);
You are declaring a pointer to an OPENFILENAME structure here, and allocating memory for it.
You should be able to allocate OPENFILENAME on stack directly, like so:
OPENFILENAME opendialog = {0};
mb_char_t szFile[260] = {0};
opendialog.lStructSize = sizeof (opendialog);
opendialog.hwndOwner = g_hWindow;
opendialog.hInstance = GetModuleHandle(NULL);
opendialog.lpstrFile = szFile;
opendialog.nFilterIndex = 0;
opendialog.nMaxFile = 256;
opendialog.lpstrInitialDir = NULL;
opendialog.Flags = OFN_PATHMUSTEXIST | OFN_FILEMUSTEXIST;
GetOpenFileName(&opendialog);
Here's a problem:
opendialog->lStructSize = sizeof (LPOPENFILENAME);
That will set the struct size to the size of a pointer, which is 4 in your case. You should have:
opendialog->lStructSize = sizeof (OPENFILENAME);