I always have a brain cramp when it comes to this. I'm creating a module to mix in to model-like classes but it needs to keep exactly one copy of serializable attributes per class. So here is the code (that doesn't work).
module Checkin
module Model
def self.included(base)
base.extend(ClassMethods)
end
##serialiable_attrs = [] <== really not the right place
module ClassMethods
def serializable(*attrs)
attrs.each{|attr| ##serializable_attrs << attr} # Is this ## or just #?
end
end
def serialize!
##serializable_attrs.each{|a| do_something_with(a)} # <== Will this work?
end
end
end
class Person
include Checkin::Model
serializable :first_name, :original_name, :last_name, :checked_in, :people_attending
# etc., etc.
end
What I'm wrangling with are two things:
How to define my mix-in such that a class variable magically springs into existence; and
How to access that variable both in my ClassMethods module and in the (for lack of a better term) instance methods part of the module.
Note that I've settled on a mix-in technique rather than inheritance because I will have Validatable, Persistable, Serializable and so on. Also, I know there are all sorts of validation and persistence layers available that are well tested and heavily used. This is a different beast and I really should know who to do this in my sleep, right?
Any Ruby wizards who can help me understand how to do this or suggest a different direction to approach this problem from, I appreciate the help!
Try removing the class variable, and adding this to the module ClassMethod:
def self.extended(klass)
klass.instance_variable_set("#serializable_attrs", [])
end
And changing the double-# to single in serializable. And change serialize! to this:
self.class.instance_variable_get("#serializable_attrs").each{|a| do_something_with(a)}
Related
I'm a ruby noob and I'm a bit struggling finding the proper way to architecture my code.
In the code base, there is a Couch module that used to read:
module Couch
def self.client
#client ||= Couchbase.new "http://#{DATABASE_HOST}:8091/pools/default"
end
end
Each time we had to access the database we would do:
Couch.client.get(...)
Couch.client.set(...)
for instance :
def Model
def self.find(id)
Couch.client.get("foo:#{id}")
...
end
def save
Couch.client.set("foo:#{#id}", {...})
end
end
The repetition of Couch.client everywhere and static thingy was making me inconfortable, I felt it was not the ruby way.
So I changed the Couch module to
module Couch
extend Forwardable
def_instance_delegators :client, :get, :set, :delete, :append
def client
##client ||= Couchbase.new "http://#{hostname}:8091/pools/default"
end
end
and in model class that want to use it
def Model
extend Couch
def self.find(id)
get("foo:#{id}")
...
end
def save
Model.set("foo:#{#id}", {...})
end
end
I think it is better but I must admit I am not entirely satisfied with the way it looks...
Is it really OK to have a :get class method in my Model ? The name is a bit confusing. Should the module be included (with a ClassMethods submodule for instance) ? Can I avoid the class variable ##client (but I don't want a new connection to be created for each instance) ?
Bref, is there a better way ?
I think it is better but I must admit I am not entirely satisfied with the way it looks... Is it really OK to have a :get class method in my Model ? The name is a bit confusing. Should the module be included (with a ClassMethods submodule for instance) ? Can I avoid the class variable ##client (but I don't want a new connection to be created for each instance) ?
I don't think you should have a get class method in your Model; you're right that it makes no sense.
Your original method looks very good to me.
It's explicit, yet not too verbose. Anyone can understand what the code does, easily.
Take a look at http://github.com/couchbase/couchbase-ruby-model and couchbase-model rubygem itself. It does most of dirty job. Also if you have ideas/patches I'll be happy to review them. I'm using gerrit code review therefore the most recent patches are here http://review.couchbase.org/#/q/status:open+project:couchbase-ruby-model,n,z
Let's say I have a bunch of related functions that have no persistent state, say various operations in a string differencing package. I can either define them in a class or module (using self) and they can be accessed the exact same way:
class Diff
def self.diff ...
def self.patch ...
end
or
module Diff
def self.diff ...
def self.patch ...
end
I can then do Diff.patch(...). Which is 'better' (or 'correct')?
The main reason I need to group them up is namespace issues, common function names are all used elsewhere.
Edit: Changed example from matrix to diff. Matrix is a terrible example as it does have state and everyone started explaining why it's better to write them as methods rather than answer the actual question. :(
In your two examples, you are not actually defining methods in a Class or a Module; you are defining singleton methods on an object which happens to be a Class or a Module, but could be just about any object. Here's an example with a String:
Diff = "Use me to access really cool methods"
def Diff.patch
# ...
end
You can do any of these and that will work, but the best way to group related methods is in a Module as normal instance methods (i.e. without self.):
module Diff
extend self # This makes the instance methods available to the Diff module itself
def diff ... # no self.
def patch ...
end
Now you can:
use this functionality from within any Class (with include Diff) or from any object (with extend Diff)
an example of this use is the extend self line which makes it possible to call Diff.patch.
even use these methods in the global namespace
For example, in irb:
class Foo
include Diff
end
Foo.new.patch # => calls the patch method
Diff.patch # => also calls Diff.patch
include Diff # => now you can call methods directly:
patch # => also calls the patch method
Note: the extend self will "modify" the Diff module object itself but it won't have any effect on inclusions of the module. Same thing happens for a def self.foo, the foo won't be available to any class including it. In short, only instance methods of Diff are imported with an include (or an extend), not the singleton methods. Only subclassing a class will provide inheritance of both instance and singleton methods.
When you actually want the inclusion of a module to provide both instance methods and singleton methods, it's not completely easy. You have to use the self.included hook:
module Foo
def some_instance_method; end
module ClassMethods
def some_singleton_method; end
end
def self.included(base)
base.send :extend, ClassMethods
end
def self.will_not_be_included_in_any_way; end
end
class Bar
include Foo
end
# Bar has now instance methods:
Bar.new.some_instance_method # => nil
# and singleton methods:
Bar.some_singleton_method # => nil
The main difference between modules and classes is that you can not instantiate a module; you can't do obj = MyModule.new. The assumption of your question is that you don't want to instantiate anything, so I recommend just using a module.
Still you should reconsider your approach: rather than using arrays of arrays or whatever you are doing to represent a Matrix, it would be more elegant to make your own class to represent a matrix, or find a good class that someone else has already written.
Ruby Modules are used to specify behaviour, pieces of related functionality.
Ruby Classes are used to specify both state and behaviour, a singular entity.
There is a maxim in software design that says that code is a liability, so use the less code possible. In the case of Ruby, the difference in code lines is cero. So you can use either way (if you don't need to save state)
If you want to be a purist, then use a Module, since you won't be using the State functionality. But I wouldn't say that using a class is wrong.
As a trivia info: In Ruby a Class is a kind of Module.
http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-1.9.3/Class.html
The following also works
Matrix = Object.new
def Matrix.add ...
def Matrix.equals ...
That's because so-called "class methods" are just methods added to a single object, and it doesn't really matter what that object class is.
As a matter of form, the Module is more correct. You can still create instances of the class, even if it has only class methods. You can think of a module here as a static class of C# or Java. Classes also always have the instance related methods (new, allocate, etc.). Use the Module. Class methods usually have something to do with objects (creating them, manipulating them).
I encountered a problem when trying to test a module with Test::Unit. What I used to do is this:
my_module.rb:
class MyModule
def my_func
5 # return some value
end
end
test_my_module.rb:
require 'test/unit'
require 'my_module'
class TestMyModule < Unit::Test::TestCase
include MyModule
def test_my_func
assert_equal(5, my_func) # test the output value given the input params
end
end
Now the problem is, if my_module declares an initialize method, it gets included in the test class and this causes a bunch of problems since Test::Unit seems to override/generate an initialize method. So I'm wondering what is the best way to test a module?
I'm also wondering wether my module should become a class at this point since the initialize method is made for initializing the state of something. Opinions?
Thanks in advance !
Including an initialize method in a module feels very wrong to me, so I'd rethink that at the very least.
To answer your question about testing this as a module more directly, though, I would create a new, empty class, include your module in it, create an instance of that class, and then test against that instance:
class TestClass
include MyModule
end
class TestMyModule < Unit::Test::TestCase
def setup
#instance = TestClass.new
end
def test_my_func
assert_equal(5, #instance.my_func) # test the output value given the input params
end
end
Yeah, your initialize should definitely suggest that you're going towards a class. A module in ruby often feels like an interface in other languages, as long as you implement some basic things when you include the module you'll get a lot for free.
Enumerable is a great example, as long as you define [] and each when you include Enumerable you suddenly get pop, push, etc.
So my gut feeling about testing modules is that you should probably be testing classes that include the module rather than testing the module itself unless the module is designed to not be included in anything, it's simply a code storage mechanism.
In Ruby, since you can include multiple mixins but only extend one class, it seems like mixins would be preferred over inheritance.
My question: if you're writing code which must be extended/included to be useful, why would you ever make it a class? Or put another way, why wouldn't you always make it a module?
I can only think of one reason why you'd want a class, and that is if you need to instantiate the class. In the case of ActiveRecord::Base, however, you never instantiate it directly. So shouldn't it have been a module instead?
I just read about this topic in The Well-Grounded Rubyist (great book, by the way). The author does a better job of explaining than I would so I'll quote him:
No single rule or formula always results in the right design. But it’s useful to keep a
couple of considerations in mind when you’re making class-versus-module decisions:
Modules don’t have instances. It follows that entities or things are generally best
modeled in classes, and characteristics or properties of entities or things are
best encapsulated in modules. Correspondingly, as noted in section 4.1.1, class
names tend to be nouns, whereas module names are often adjectives (Stack
versus Stacklike).
A class can have only one superclass, but it can mix in as many modules as it wants. If
you’re using inheritance, give priority to creating a sensible superclass/subclass
relationship. Don’t use up a class’s one and only superclass relationship to
endow the class with what might turn out to be just one of several sets of characteristics.
Summing up these rules in one example, here is what you should not do:
module Vehicle
...
class SelfPropelling
...
class Truck < SelfPropelling
include Vehicle
...
Rather, you should do this:
module SelfPropelling
...
class Vehicle
include SelfPropelling
...
class Truck < Vehicle
...
The second version models the entities and properties much more neatly. Truck
descends from Vehicle (which makes sense), whereas SelfPropelling is a characteristic of vehicles (at least, all those we care about in this model of the world)—a characteristic that is passed on to trucks by virtue of Truck being a descendant, or specialized
form, of Vehicle.
I think mixins are a great idea, but there's another problem here that nobody has mentioned: namespace collisions. Consider:
module A
HELLO = "hi"
def sayhi
puts HELLO
end
end
module B
HELLO = "you stink"
def sayhi
puts HELLO
end
end
class C
include A
include B
end
c = C.new
c.sayhi
Which one wins? In Ruby, it turns out the be the latter, module B, because you included it after module A. Now, it's easy to avoid this problem: make sure all of module A and module B's constants and methods are in unlikely namespaces. The problem is that the compiler doesn't warn you at all when collisions happen.
I argue that this behavior does not scale to large teams of programmers-- you shouldn't assume that the person implementing class C knows about every name in scope. Ruby will even let you override a constant or method of a different type. I'm not sure that could ever be considered correct behavior.
My take: Modules are for sharing behavior, while classes are for modeling relationships between objects. You technically could just make everything an instance of Object and mix in whatever modules you want to get the desired set of behaviors, but that would be a poor, haphazard and rather unreadable design.
The answer to your question is largely contextual. Distilling pubb's observation, the choice is primarily driven by the domain under consideration.
And yes, ActiveRecord should have been included rather than extended by a subclass. Another ORM - datamapper - precisely achieves that!
I like Andy Gaskell's answer very much - just wanted to add that yes, ActiveRecord should not use inheritance, but rather include a module to add the behavior (mostly persistence) to a model/class. ActiveRecord is simply using the wrong paradigm.
For the same reason, I very much like MongoId over MongoMapper, because it leaves the developer the chance to use inheritance as a way of modelling something meaningful in the problem domain.
It's sad that pretty much nobody in the Rails community is using "Ruby inheritance" the way it's supposed to be used - to define class hierarchies, not just to add behavior.
The best way I understand mixins are as virtual classes. Mixins are "virtual classes" that have been injected in a class's or module's ancestor chain.
When we use "include" and pass it a module, it adds the module to the ancestor chain right before the class that we are inheriting from:
class Parent
end
module M
end
class Child < Parent
include M
end
Child.ancestors
=> [Child, M, Parent, Object ...
Every object in Ruby also has a singleton class. Methods added to this singleton class can be directly called on the object and so they act as "class" methods. When we use "extend" on an object and pass the object a module, we are adding the methods of the module to the singleton class of the object:
module M
def m
puts 'm'
end
end
class Test
end
Test.extend M
Test.m
We can access the singleton class with the singleton_class method:
Test.singleton_class.ancestors
=> [#<Class:Test>, M, #<Class:Object>, ...
Ruby provides some hooks for modules when they are being mixed into classes/modules. included is a hook method provided by Ruby which gets called whenever you include a module in some module or class. Just like included, there is an associated extended hook for extend. It will be called when a module is extended by another module or class.
module M
def self.included(target)
puts "included into #{target}"
end
def self.extended(target)
puts "extended into #{target}"
end
end
class MyClass
include M
end
class MyClass2
extend M
end
This creates an interesting pattern that developers could use:
module M
def self.included(target)
target.send(:include, InstanceMethods)
target.extend ClassMethods
target.class_eval do
a_class_method
end
end
module InstanceMethods
def an_instance_method
end
end
module ClassMethods
def a_class_method
puts "a_class_method called"
end
end
end
class MyClass
include M
# a_class_method called
end
As you can see, this single module is adding instance methods, "class" methods, and acting directly on the target class (calling a_class_method() in this case).
ActiveSupport::Concern encapsulates this pattern. Here's the same module rewritten to use ActiveSupport::Concern:
module M
extend ActiveSupport::Concern
included do
a_class_method
end
def an_instance_method
end
module ClassMethods
def a_class_method
puts "a_class_method called"
end
end
end
Right now, I'm thinking about the template design pattern. It just wouldn't feel right with a module.
I have a large class with lots of methods and it's starting to get a bit unorganized and hard to navigate. I'd like to break it up into modules, where each module is a collection of class and instance methods. Perhaps something like this:
UPDATE: I've now realized that this is a pretty poor example. You probably wouldn't want to move validations or attributes out of the core class.
class Large
include Validations
include Attributes
include BusinessLogic
include Callbacks
end
After reading Yehuda's post about Better Ruby Idioms, I'm curious how others are tackling this problem. Here's the two methods I can think of.
First Method
module Foo
module Validations
module ClassMethods
def bar
"bar"
end
end
module InstanceMethods
def baz
"baz"
end
end
end
class Large
extend Validations::ClassMethods
include Validations::InstanceMethods
end
end
Second Method
module Foo
module Validations
def self.included(base)
base.extend ClassMethods
end
module ClassMethods
def bar
"bar"
end
end
def baz
"baz"
end
end
class Base
include Validations
end
end
My questions are:
Is there a better way to do this?
How do you get a one-liner module mixin for a set of class/instance methods with the least amount of magic?
How do you namespace these modules to the base class without namespacing the class itself?
How do you organize these files?
Breaking a class into modules, while tempting (because it's so easy in Ruby), is rarely the right answer. I usually regard the temptation to break out modules as the code's way of telling me it wants to be split into more tightly-focussed classes. A class that's so big you want to break it into multiple files is pretty much guaranteed to be violating the Single Responsibility Principle.
EDIT: To elaborate a bit on why breaking code into modules is a bad idea: it's confusing to the reader/maintainer. A class should represent a single tightly-focussed concept. It's bad enough when you have to scroll hundreds of lines to find the definition of an instance method used at the other end of a long class file. It's even worse when you come across an instance method call and have to go looking in another file for it.
After doing what Avdi said, these are the things I would do before putting anything into a module:
Whether this module can or will be used in any other class?
Would it make sense to extract the functionality of these modules into a different or base class?
If the answer for 1 is no and 2 is yes then IMHO that indicates to better have a class rather a module.
Also, I think putting attributes in a module is conceptually wrong because classes never share their attributes or instance variables or in other words their internal state with any other class. The attributes of a class belongs to that class only.
Business logics do definitely belong to the class itself and if the business logic of class A has some common responsibilities with class C then that needs to be extracted into a base class to make it clear instead of just putting it into a module.
The standard idiom seems to be
foo.rb
foo/base.rb
foo/validations.rb
foo/network.rb
foo/bar.rb
and foo.rb would be something like
class Foo
include Foo::Base
include Foo::Validations
include Foo::Network
include Foo::Bar
end
This is the standard idiom, and it works fairly well for letting you break things up. Don't do class methods vs instance methods. Those are generally pretty arbitrary distinctions, and you're better off putting code that deals with similar subjects together. That will minimize how many files you have to touch for any given change.
BEWARE: Rails can get confused by nesting models like this, at least if everything were classes. I think it'll do better with all the nested files just being modules, but you'll have to see. I'm still suggesting this because it's the normal idiom used by the Ruby community, but you may have to avoid having both a foo.rb and a foo/ directory amongst your Rails models (if that's the kind of class you're talking about).
Although including different modules will work, it is generally more troublesome than simply reopening the class in multiple places.
There is a (very simple) gem that you can use to makes this as pretty as can be: concerned_with
Example (from the readme)
# app/models/user.rb
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
concerned_with :validations,
:authentication
end
# app/models/user/validations.rb
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
validates_presence_of :name
end
#app/models/user/authentication.rb
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
def self.authenticate(name, password)
find_by_name_and_password(name, password)
end
end
I tend to use Ruby's duck typing approach to interfaces, which basically allows you to send any message to any object, which then evaluates what to do with it.
This approach allows me to stick to the same pattern Avdi mentions, keeping classes small and concise- only ever being responsible for one thing.
The great thing about Ruby is that you can delegate responsibilities to other concise classes, without muddling any of the logic together. For example:
class Dog
def initialize(name)
#name = name
end
def bark
"woof"
end
def fetch(object)
"here's that #{object}"
end
def sit
"sitting down"
end
private
attr_accessor :name
end
Here we have my dog class that has loads of dog related methods. They're all specific to dog, so could happily reside here. However, there would be a problem if these methods got a bit complex, calling other methods or perhaps this dog learns a bunch of new tricks!? So I could separate these out into their own classes and then delegate responsibility to those, like so:
class Tricks
def initialize(name)
#name = name
end
def fetch(object)
"here's that #{object}"
end
def sit
"sitting down"
end
def come_when_called(my_name)
"I'm coming" if my_name == name
end
def put_toy_away(object)
"#{fetch(object)}, I'll put it away"
end
private
attr_reader :name
end
class Dog
def initialize(name)
#name = name
end
delegate :sit, :fetch, :come_when_called, :put_away_toy, to: :tricks_klass
def bark
"woof"
end
private
attr_accessor :name
def tricks_klass
#tricks_klass ||= Tricks.new(name)
end
end
So now, that Dog class really starts to behave like an interface to dog-related behaviors, whilst these tricks are no longer coupled to it. This'll make testing easier by being able to instantiate a Tricks object and test it more generically, without the need for a Dog (because they don't always listen).
Now, we could have a Cat class that delegates responsibility to this Tricks class as well- although, that'd be one smart Cat!
You could also now use the Tricks class on its own- that's the power encapsulating single behavior its own class. You could even separate these behaviors even further- but only you as the developer know if that's worth while!