Suppose I have a string field specified as not_analyzed in the mapping. If I then add "store":"yes" to the mapping, will ElasticSearch duplicate the storage? My understanding of not_analyzed fields is that they are not run through an Analyzer, indexed as is, but a client is able to match against it. So, if a field is both not_analyzed and store:yes, this could cause ElasticSearch to keep two copies of the string.
My question:
If a string field is stored as both not_analyzed and store:yes, will there be duplicate storage of the string?
I hope that's clear enough. Thanks!
You're mixing up the concept of indexed field and stored field in lucene, the library that elasticsearch is built on top of.
A field is indexed when it goes within the inverted index, the data structure that lucene uses to provide its great and fast full text search capabilities. If you want to search on a field, you do have to index it. When you index a field you can decide whether you want to index it as it is, or you want to analyze it, which means deciding a tokenizer to apply to it, which will generate a list of tokens (words) and a list of token filters that can modify the generated tokens (even add or delete some). The way you index a field affects how you can search on it. If you index a field but don't analyze it, and its text is composed of multiple words, you'll be able to find that document only searching for that exact specific text, whitespaces included.
A field is stored when you want to be able to retrieve it. Let's say Lucene provides some kind of storage too, which doesn't have anything to do with the inverted index itself.
When you search using lucene you get back a list of document ids that match. Then you can retrieve some text from their stored fields, which is what you literally show as search results. If you don't store a field you'll never be able to get it back from lucene (this is not true for elasticsearch though, as I'm going to explain below).
You can have fields that you only want to search on, and never show: indexed and not stored (default in lucene).
You can have fields that you want to search on and also retrieve: indexed and stored.
You can have fields that you don't want to search on, but you do want to retrieve to show them.
Therefore the two data structures are not related to each other. If you both index and store a field in lucene, its content will not be present twice in the same form. Stored fields are stored as they are, as you send them to lucene, while indexed fields might be analyzed and will be part of the inverted index, which is something else. Stored fields are made to be retrieved for a specific document (by lucene document id), while indexed fields are made to search, in such a structure that literally inverts the text having as a result each term as key, together with a list of document ids that contain it (the postings list).
When it comes to elasticsearch things change a little though. When you don't configure a field as stored in your mapping (default is store:no) you are able to retrieve it anyway by default. This happens because elasticsearch always stores in lucene the whole source document that you send to it (unless you disable this feature) within a special lucene field, called _source.
When you search using elasticsearch you get back by default the whole source field, but you can also ask for specific fields. What happens in that case is that elasticsearch checks whether those specific fields are stored or not in lucene. If they are the content will be retrieved from lucene, otherwise the _source stored field will be retrieved from lucene, parsed as json (pull parsing) and those specific fields will be extracted. In the first case it might be a little faster, but not necessarily. If your source is really big and you only want to load a couple of fields, configuring them as stored in lucene would probably make the loading process faster; on the other hand, if your _source is not that big and you want to load many fields, then it's probably better to load only one stored field (the _source), which would lead to a single disk seek, parse it etc. In most of the cases using the _source field works just fine.
To answer your question: inverted index and lucene storage are two completely different things. You end up having two copies of the same data in lucene only if you decide to store a field (store:yes in the mapping), since elasticsearch keeps that same content within the json _source, but this doesn't have anything to do with the fact that you're indexing or analyzing the field.
Related
By default, field values are indexed to make them searchable, but they are not stored. This means that the field can be queried, but the original field value cannot be retrieved.
I am curious how does the implementation work on Elasticsearch backend works. How can they make a value not retrievable but searchable? (I would imagine it would need to be stored somewhere in order for you to search it right?) Why is Elasticsearch designed this way? what efficiency did it achieve for designing it this way?
The source document is actually "stored" in the _source field (but it is not indexed) and all fields of the source documents are indexed (but not stored). All field values can usually be retrieved from the _source field using source filtering. This is how ES is configured by default, but you're free to change that.
You can, for instance, decide to not store the _source document at all and store only certain fields of your document. This might be a good idea if for instance your document has a field which contains a huge blob of text. It might not be wise to store the _source because that would take a lot of space for nothing. That huge blob of text might only be useful for full-text search and so would only need to be indexed, while all other fields might need to be indexed and stored as well because they need to be retrieved in order to be displayed.
So the bottom line is:
if a field can be searched, it doesn't need to be stored, it only needs to be indexed
if a field can be retrieved, it can either be configured to be stored or retrieved/filtered from the _source field (which is stored by default)
Using Elasticsearch 1.4.3
I'm building a sort of "reporting" system. And the client can pick and chose which fields they want returned in their result.
In 90% of the cases the client will never pick all the fields, so I figured I can disable _source field in my mapping to save space. But then I learned that
GET myIndex/myType/_search/
{
"fields": ["field1", "field2"]
...
}
Does not return the fields.
So I assume I have to then use "store": true for each field. From what I read this will be faster for searches, but I guess space wise it will be the same as _source or we still save space?
The _source field stores the JSON you send to Elasticsearch and you can choose to only return certain fields if needed, which is perfect for your use case. I have never heard that the stored fields will be faster for searches. The _source field could be bigger on disk space, but if you have to store every field there is no need to use stored fields over the _source field. If you do disable the source field it will mean:
You won’t be able to do partial updates
You won’t be able to re-index your data from the JSON in your
Elasticsearch cluster, you’ll have to re-index from the data source
(which is usually a lot slower).
By default in elasticsearch, the _source (the document one indexed) is stored. This means when you search, you can get the actual document source back. Moreover, elasticsearch will automatically extract fields/objects from the _source and return them if you explicitly ask for it (as well as possibly use it in other components, like highlighting).
You can specify that a specific field is also stored. This means that the data for that field will be stored on its own. Meaning that if you ask for field1 (which is stored), elasticsearch will identify that its stored, and load it from the index instead of getting it from the _source (assuming _source is enabled).
When do you want to enable storing specific fields? Most times, you don't. Fetching the _source is fast and extracting it is fast as well. If you have very large documents, where the cost of storing the _source, or the cost of parsing the _source is high, you can explicitly map some fields to be stored instead.
Note, there is a cost of retrieving each stored field. So, for example, if you have a json with 10 fields with reasonable size, and you map all of them as stored, and ask for all of them, this means loading each one (more disk seeks), compared to just loading the _source (which is one field, possibly compressed).
I got this answer on below link answered by shay.banon you can read this whole thread to get good understanding about it. enter link description here
Clinton Gormley says in the link below
https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/elasticsearch/j8cfbv-j73g/discussion
by default ES stores your JSON doc in the _source field, which is
set to "stored"
by default, the fields in your JSON doc are set to NOT be "stored"
(ie stored as a separate field)
so when ES returns your doc (search or get) it just load the _source
field and returns that, ie a single disk seek
Some people think that by storing individual fields, it will be faster
than loading the whole JSON doc from the _source field. What they don't
realise is that each stored field requires a disk seek (10ms each seek!
), and that the sum of those seeks far outweighs the cost of just
sending the _source field.
In other words, it is almost always a false optimization.
Enabling _source will store the entire JSON document in the index while store will only store individual fields that are marked so. So using store might be better than using _source if you want to save disk space.
As a reference for ES 7.3, the answer becomes clearer. DO NOT try to optimize before you have strong testing reasons UNDER REALISTIC PRODUCTION CONDITIONS.
I might just quote from the _source:
Users often disable the _source field without thinking about the
consequences, and then live to regret it. If the _source field isn't
available then a number of features are not supported:
The update, update_by_query,
and reindex APIs.
On the fly highlighting.
The ability to reindex from one Elasticsearch index to another, either
to change mappings or analysis, or to upgrade an index to a new major
version.
The ability to debug queries or aggregations by viewing the original
document used at index time.
Potentially in the future, the ability to repair index corruption
automatically.
TIP: If disk space is a concern, rather increase the
compression level instead of disabling the _source.
Besides there are not obvious advantages using stored_fields as you might have thought of.
If you only want to retrieve the value of a single field or of a few fields, instead of the whole _source, then this can be achieved with source filtering.
I'm confused between source filtering (i.e. using the _source_include parameter) and the fields option of the GET API in elasticsearch. How are they different in terms of performance? When are they supposed to be used?
Update: re: fields
Note that this is the 1.x documentation if you just arrived here from the future.
For backwards compatibility, if the fields parameter specifies fields which are not stored (store mapping set to false), it will load the _source and extract it from it. This functionality has been replaced by the source filtering parameter.
-- https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/1.7/search-request-fields.html#search-request-fields
AFAICT:
_source tells elasticsearch whether to include the source of matched documents in the response. The "source" is the data in the document as it was inserted.
fields tells elasticsearch to include source, but only include the defined fields.
Permformance: Unless you have low bandwidth to the Elasticsearch server, it might be negligible.
I had the same doubt, here I found what can be the answer.
fields restricts the fields whose contents are parsed and returned
_source_filtering restricts the fields which are returned
Another way of seeing it is to think that fields is used to optimize data transfer and CPU usage while _source_filtering only optimizes data transfer
Source filtering allows us to control which parts of the original JSON document are returned for each hit[...]It's worth keeping in mind that this only saves us on bandwidth costs between the nodes participating in the search as well as the client, not CPU or Disk, as was the case when using fields.
In addition:
One feature about fields that's not commonly known is the ability to select metadata-fields as well. Of particular note is its ability to select the _ttl-field, which actually returns the number of milliseconds until the document expires, not the original lifespan of the document. A very handy feature indeed.
The fields parameter applies only to stored fields. From the 2.3 documentation:
Besides indexing the values of a field, you can also choose to store
the original field value for later retrieval. Users with a Lucene
background use stored fields to choose which fields they would like to
be able to return in their search results. In fact the _source field
is a stored field. In Elasticsearch, setting individual document
fields to be stored is usually a false optimization. The whole
document is already stored as the _source field. It is almost always
better to just extract the fields that you need using the _source
parameter.
See source filetring for how to limit the fields returned from _source
We're building a "unified" search across a lot of different resources in our system. Our index schema includes about 10 generic fields that are indexed, plus 5 which are required to identify the appropriate resource location in our system when results are returned.
The indexed fields often contain sensitive data, so we don't want them stored at all, only indexed for matching, thus we set the _source to FALSE.
I do however want the 5 ident fields returned, so is it possible to set the ident fields to store = yes, but the overall index _source to FALSE and get what I'm looking for in the results?
Have a look at this other answer as well. As mentioned there, in most of the cases the _source field helps a lot. Even though it might seem like a waste because elasticsearch effectively stores the whole document that comes in, that's really handy (e.g. when needing to update documents without sending the whole updated document). At the end of the day it hides a lucene implementation detail, the fact that you need to explicitly store fields if you want to get them back, while users usually expect to get back what they sent to the search engine. Surprisingly, the _source helps performance wise too, as it requires a single disk seek instead of more disk seeks that might be caused by retrieving multiple stored fields. At the end of the day the _source field is just a big lucene stored field containing json, which can be parsed in order to get to specific fields and do some work with them, without needing to store them separately.
That said, depending on your usecase (how many fields you retrieve) it might be useful to have a look at source include/exclude at the bottom of the _source field reference, which allows you to prevent parts (e.g. the sensitive parts of your documents) of the source field from being stored. That would be useful if you want to keep relying on the _source but don't want a part of the input documents to be returned, but you do want to search against those fields, as they are going to be indexed (but not stored!) in the underlying lucene index.
In both cases (either you disable the _source completely or exclude some parts), if you plan to update your documents keep in mind that you'll need to send the whole updated document using the index api. In fact you cannot rely on partial updates provided with the update api as you don't have in the index the complete document that you indexed in the first place, which you would need to apply changes to.
Yes, stored fields do not rely on the _source field, or vice-versa. They are separate, and changing or disabling one shouldn't impact the other.
The difference between the two, who hold all of the fields, eludes me.
If my document has:
{"mydoc":
{"properties":
{"name":{"type":"string","store":"true"}},
{"number":{"type":"long","store":"false"}},
{"title":{"type":"string","include_in_all":"false","store":"true"}}
}
}
I understand that _source is a field that has all the fields. But so does _all?
Does this mean that "name" is saved several times (twice? in _source and in _all), increasing the disk space the document takes?
Is "name" stored once for the field, once for _source, and once for _all?
what about "number", is it stored in _all, even though not in _source?
When should I use _source in my query, and when _all?
What is the use case where I can disable _all, and what functionality would then be denied?
It's pretty much the same as the difference between indexed fields and stored fields in lucene.
You use indexed fields when you want to search on them, while you store fields that you want to return as search results.
The _source field is meant to store the whole source document that was originally sent to elasticsearch. It's use as search result, to be retrieved. You can't search on it. In fact it is a stored field in lucene and not indexed.
The _all field is meant to index all the content that come from all the fields that your documents are composed of. You can search on it but never return it, since it's indexed but not stored in lucene.
There's no redundancy, the two fields are meant for a different usecase and stored in different places, within the lucene index. The _all field becomes part of what we call the inverted index, use to index text and be able to execute full-text search against it, while the _source field is just stored as part of the lucene documents.
You would never use the _source field in your queries, only when you get back results since that's what elasticsearch returns by default. There are a few features that depend on the _source field, that you lose if you disable it. One of them is the update API. Also, if you disable it you need to remember to configure as store:yes in your mapping all the fields that you want to return as search results. I would rather say don't disable it unless it bothers you, since it's really helpful in a lot of cases. One other common usecase would be when you need to reindex your data; you can just retrieve all your documents from elasticsearch itself and just resend them to another index.
On the other hand, the _all field is just a default catch all field, that you can use when you just want to search on all fields available and you don't want to specify them all in your queries. It's handy but I wouldn't rely on it too much on production, where it's better to run more complex queries on different fields, with different weights each. You might want to disable it if you don't use it, this will have a smaller impact than disabling the _source in my opinion.