What is and how to interpret the EFL under registers using OllyDbg?
What is NO, NB, E, NE, BE, A, NS ,PO, GE, G, …
Example:
EFL 00000246 (NO,NB,E,BE,NS,PE,GE,LE)
My futile decipher:
00000246 => 0000 ... 0010 0100 0110
NO NB E BE NS PE GE LE
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 <- I do not know if this is correct.
(Likely not.)
Operation:
AND ESI,7FFFFFFF
Result:
EFL 00000202 (NO,NB,NE,A,NS,PO,GE,G)
My ASCII, (inspired by):
_---------------------------=> E -> NE
/ _----------------------=> BE -> A
| / _------------=> PE -> PO
| | / _--=> LE -> G
| | | /
| | | |
NO NB NE A NS PO GE G
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0010 0100 0110
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Help has the following to say:
Following EFL are the suffixes of conditional commands that satisfy
current flags. If, for example, you see:
EFL 00000A86 (O,NB,NE,A,S,PE,GE,G),
this means that JO and JNE will be taken whereas JB and JPO not.
I suspected CPU Flags, FLAGS register, etc. but cant recognize e.g. NO in any of those.
EFL is the FLAGS register (expanded to include EFLAGS), used among other things to indicate parity, overflow/carry, direction and branch flow as well as various CPU modes.
Olly slightly expands the register by separating out the booleans for common control status bits above EFL (the singular bits named 'C P A Z S T D O').
The abbreviations in brackets next to EFL's value the correlate to what can/cannot pass under the current EFLAGS, ie: NO stands for No-Overflow, toggling the OF bit will switch it to O for overflow.
Related
fmt.Println(^1)
Why does this print -2?
The ^ operator is the bitwise complement operator. Spec: Arithmetic operators:
For integer operands, the unary operators +, -, and ^ are defined as follows:
+x is 0 + x
-x negation is 0 - x
^x bitwise complement is m ^ x with m = "all bits set to 1" for unsigned x
and m = -1 for signed x
So 1 in binary is a single 1 bit preceded with full of zeros:
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
So the bitwise complement is a single 0 bit preceded by full of ones:
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
The ^1 is an untyped constant expression. When it is passed to a function, it has to be converted to a type. Since 1 is an untyped integer constant, its default type int will be used. int in Go is represented using the 2's complement where negative numbers start with a 1. The number being full ones is -1, the number being smaller by one (in binary) is -2 etc.
The bit pattern above is the 2's complement representation of -2.
To print the bit patterns and type, use this code:
fmt.Println(^1)
fmt.Printf("%T\n", ^1)
fmt.Printf("%064b\n", 1)
i := ^1
fmt.Printf("%064b\n", uint(i))
It outputs (try it on the Go Playground):
-2
int
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
Okay, this has to do with the way that we use signed signs in computation.
For a 1 byte number, you can get
D
B
-8
1000
-7
1001
-6
1010
-5
1011
-4
1100
-3
1101
-2
1110
-1
1111
0
0000
1
0001
2
0010
3
0011
4
0100
5
0101
6
0110
7
0111
You can see here that 1 is equivalent to 0001 (Nothing changes) but -1 is equal to 1111. ^ operator does a bitwise xor operation. Therefore:
0001
1111 xor
-------
1110 -> That is actually -2.
All this is because of the convention of two complement that we use to do calculations with negative numbers. Of course, this can be extrapolated to longer binary numbers.
You can test this by using windows calculator to do a xor bitwise calculation.
I am new to MIPS - 32 and I have problem understanding the offset of the following instruction:
beq $a0,$a1,0x00401200
knowing that
PC=0x0040122C
I think that
$a0=00100
$a1=00101
the instruction should be 000100|00100|00101|0001 0010 0000 0000.
the solution says the offset is -12, but I do not understand why.
Could anyone give me a hand?
The target address is found by TA = PC + 4(offset)
So the offset = (TA - PC)/4
0x00401200 is your target address. We see that it is going backwards, so we must make sure our answer is negative. In this case, I prefer to do PC - TA and then find the 2s complement.
PC - TA : 0x0040122C - 0x00401200 = 0x002C
We can find the 2s complement by doing
0xFFFF(16)-0x002C = 0xFFFD4
Now we can divide by 4 to find the TA by doing a right shift 2 places
1111 1111 1111 1101 0100 -> 11 1111 1111 1111 0101
The offset = 0xFFF5
I ended up with the offset = -11 (0xFFF5). However, if I plug that back into
TA = PC + 4(offset), I get 0x401200.
I know that you can bitmask by ANDing a value with 0. However, how can I both bitmask certain nibbles and maintain others. In other words if I have 0x000f0b7c and I wanted to mask the everything but b (in other words my result would be 0x00000b00) how would I use AND to do this? Would it require multiple steps?
You can better understand boolean operations if you represent values in binary form.
The AND operation between two binary digits returns 1 if both the binary digits have a value of 1, otherwise it returns 0.
Suppose you have two binary digits a and b, you can build the following "truth table":
a | b | a AND b
---+---+---------
0 | 0 | 0
1 | 0 | 0
0 | 1 | 0
1 | 1 | 1
The masking operation consists of ANDing a given value with a "mask" where every bit that needs to be preserved is set to 1, while every bit to discard is set to 0.
This is done by ANDing each bit of the given value with the corresponding bit of the mask.
The given value, 0xf0b7c, can be converted as follows:
f 0 b 7 c (hex)
1111 0000 1011 0111 1100 (bin)
If you want to preserve only the bits corresponding to the "b" value (bits 8..11) you can mask it this way:
f 0 b 7 c
1111 0000 1011 0111 1100
0000 0000 1111 0000 0000
The value 0000 0000 1111 0000 0000 can be converted to hex and has a value of 0xf00.
So if you calculate "0xf0b7c AND 0xf00" you obtain 0xb00.
I am using an rs232 HID reader.
Its manual says that its output is
CCDDDDDDDDDDXX
where CC is reserved for HID
DDDDDDDDDD is the transponder (the card) data
XX is a checksum
the checksum is well explained and irrelevant here. About DDDDDDDDDD only says valid values are 0000000000 to 1FFFFFFFFF but no indication of how it converts to what is printed on front face of the card.
I have 3 sample cards, sadly on a short range (edit plus an extra one). here I show them:
readed from rs232 shown on card
00000602031C27 00398
00000602031F2A 00399
0000060203202B 00400
00000601B535F1 55962 **new
Also I have a DB with 1000 cards loaded (what is printed on front) so I need the the decode path from what I read on rs232 to what is printed on front.
Some values from DB (I have seen the cards, but I have no phisical access to them now)
55503
60237
00833
Thanks a lot to every one.
Googling for the string "CCDDDDDDDDDDXX" returns http://www.rfideas.com/downloads/SerialAppNote8.pdf which seems to describe how to decode the numbers. I don't guarantee if that is accurate.
Decoding the Standard 26-bit Format
Message sent by the reader:
C C D D D D D D D D D D X X
---------------------------
0 0 0 0 0 6 0 2 0 3 1 C 2 7
0 0 0 0 0 6 0 2 0 3 1 F 2 A
0 0 0 0 0 6 0 2 0 3 2 0 2 B
0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 B 5 3 5 F 1
Stripping off the checksum, X, and reducing the data to binary gives:
C C D D D D D D D D D D
cccc cccc zzzz zzzz zzzz zspf ffff fffn nnnn nnnn nnnn nnnp
-----------------------------------------------------------
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0110 0000 0010 0000 0011 0001 1100
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0110 0000 0010 0000 0011 0001 1111
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0110 0000 0010 0000 0011 0010 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0110 0000 0001 1011 0101 0011 0101
All the Card Data Characters to the left of the 7th can be ignored.
c = HID Specific Code.
z = leading zeros
s = start sentinel (it is always a 1)
p = parity odd and even (12 bits each).
f = Facility Code 8 bits
n = Card Number 16 bits
From this we can see that
00000602031C27 → n = 0b0000000110001110 = 398
00000602031F2A → n = 0b0000000110001111 = 399
0000060203202B → n = 0b0000000110010000 = 400
00000601B535F1 → n = 0b1101101010011010 = 55962
So, for your example, we may probably get:
55503
(f, n) = 0b0000_0001__1101_1000_1100_1111
odd parity of first 12 bits = 0
even parity of last 12 bits = 0
result = 00000403b19e56
I get that you'd want to do something like take the first four bits put them on a stack (reading from left to right) then do you just put them in a register and shift them x times to put them at the right part of the number?
Something like
1000 0000 | 0000 0000 | 0000 0000 | 0000 1011
Stack: bottom - 1101 - top
shift it 28 times to the left
Then do something similar with the last four bits but shift to the right and store in a register.
Then you and that with an empty return value of 0
Is there an easier way?
Yes there is. Check out the _byteswap functions/intrinsics, and/or the bswap instruction.
You could do this way..
For example
I/p : 0010 1000 and i want output
1000 0010
input store into a variable x
int x;
i = x>>4
j = x<<4
k = i | j
print(K) //it will have 1000 0010.