This question originates from one use case, replace " with '', latex quirk.
I usually use ' (single quote) to enclose the script if there is " (double quote) inside, and vise verse. However, in this case, both single quote and double quote appear in this script, and I had google to find the proper way to handle it. This one provides the solution. The following is the right, but not very readable solution.
sed 's!"!'\'''\''!' {filename}
After making it work, I began to think that this awkwardness comes from this quoting mechanics. Therefore, is it possible to use non printing character as the quote? Then, we don't need to escape quote any more.
In bash, you have single and double quotes, and here-docs and here-strings: You could do:
sed_script=$(cat << 'END'
s/"/''/g
END
)
sed "$sed_script" filename
Related
My question targets Zsh, but from what I tried, it seems to apply to POSIX shell and bash as well:
I want to write a string containing literal $ characters (no interpolation intended) and single quotes. Since the chapter on QUOTING in the Zsh man page says about single-quoted strings:
A literal ' character can be included in the string by using the \' escape.
I tried something like this (in an interactive zsh, before doing it in a script):
echo 'a$b\'c'
I expected that this would print a$b'c, but zsh tells me that I have an unclosed quote.
I am aware that I can use as a workaround
echo 'a$'"b'C"
but I still would like to know, why my original attempt failed.
The problem was my interpretation of the man-page, and I must blame myself that I have left out of my citation of the page one part which I thought is unimportant, but actually is relevant for this case. Here again the full sentence of the man page:
A string enclosed between '$'' and ''' is processed the same way as the
string arguments of the print builtin, and the resulting string is
considered to be entirely quoted. A literal ''' character can be
included in the string by using the '\'' escape.
Since Zsh has two ways to write a single-quoted String (one where the quotation, like in bash, starts with ' and one where it starts with $'), I understood the between ... and part that it meant "in $' and in ' -quoted strings, the \' escape works.
This interpretation is incorrect. What the man page means is that a quoted string which starts with $' and ends with ', can use that escape.
Hence my example can written as
echo $'a$b\'c'
I want to run a command from a bash script which has single quotes and some other commands inside the single quotes and a variable.
e.g. repo forall -c '....$variable'
In this format, $ is escaped and the variable is not expanded.
I tried the following variations but they were rejected:
repo forall -c '...."$variable" '
repo forall -c " '....$variable' "
" repo forall -c '....$variable' "
repo forall -c "'" ....$variable "'"
If I substitute the value in place of the variable the command is executed just fine.
Please tell me where am I going wrong.
Inside single quotes everything is preserved literally, without exception.
That means you have to close the quotes, insert something, and then re-enter again.
'before'"$variable"'after'
'before'"'"'after'
'before'\''after'
Word concatenation is simply done by juxtaposition. As you can verify, each of the above lines is a single word to the shell. Quotes (single or double quotes, depending on the situation) don't isolate words. They are only used to disable interpretation of various special characters, like whitespace, $, ;... For a good tutorial on quoting see Mark Reed's answer. Also relevant: Which characters need to be escaped in bash?
Do not concatenate strings interpreted by a shell
You should absolutely avoid building shell commands by concatenating variables. This is a bad idea similar to concatenation of SQL fragments (SQL injection!).
Usually it is possible to have placeholders in the command, and to supply the command together with variables so that the callee can receive them from the invocation arguments list.
For example, the following is very unsafe. DON'T DO THIS
script="echo \"Argument 1 is: $myvar\""
/bin/sh -c "$script"
If the contents of $myvar is untrusted, here is an exploit:
myvar='foo"; echo "you were hacked'
Instead of the above invocation, use positional arguments. The following invocation is better -- it's not exploitable:
script='echo "arg 1 is: $1"'
/bin/sh -c "$script" -- "$myvar"
Note the use of single ticks in the assignment to script, which means that it's taken literally, without variable expansion or any other form of interpretation.
The repo command can't care what kind of quotes it gets. If you need parameter expansion, use double quotes. If that means you wind up having to backslash a lot of stuff, use single quotes for most of it, and then break out of them and go into doubles for the part where you need the expansion to happen.
repo forall -c 'literal stuff goes here; '"stuff with $parameters here"' more literal stuff'
Explanation follows, if you're interested.
When you run a command from the shell, what that command receives as arguments is an array of null-terminated strings. Those strings may contain absolutely any non-null character.
But when the shell is building that array of strings from a command line, it interprets some characters specially; this is designed to make commands easier (indeed, possible) to type. For instance, spaces normally indicate the boundary between strings in the array; for that reason, the individual arguments are sometimes called "words". But an argument may nonetheless have spaces in it; you just need some way to tell the shell that's what you want.
You can use a backslash in front of any character (including space, or another backslash) to tell the shell to treat that character literally. But while you can do something like this:
reply=\”That\'ll\ be\ \$4.96,\ please,\"\ said\ the\ cashier
...it can get tiresome. So the shell offers an alternative: quotation marks. These come in two main varieties.
Double-quotation marks are called "grouping quotes". They prevent wildcards and aliases from being expanded, but mostly they're for including spaces in a word. Other things like parameter and command expansion (the sorts of thing signaled by a $) still happen. And of course if you want a literal double-quote inside double-quotes, you have to backslash it:
reply="\"That'll be \$4.96, please,\" said the cashier"
Single-quotation marks are more draconian. Everything between them is taken completely literally, including backslashes. There is absolutely no way to get a literal single quote inside single quotes.
Fortunately, quotation marks in the shell are not word delimiters; by themselves, they don't terminate a word. You can go in and out of quotes, including between different types of quotes, within the same word to get the desired result:
reply='"That'\''ll be $4.96, please," said the cashier'
So that's easier - a lot fewer backslashes, although the close-single-quote, backslashed-literal-single-quote, open-single-quote sequence takes some getting used to.
Modern shells have added another quoting style not specified by the POSIX standard, in which the leading single quotation mark is prefixed with a dollar sign. Strings so quoted follow similar conventions to string literals in the ANSI standard version of the C programming language, and are therefore sometimes called "ANSI strings" and the $'...' pair "ANSI quotes". Within such strings, the above advice about backslashes being taken literally no longer applies. Instead, they become special again - not only can you include a literal single quotation mark or backslash by prepending a backslash to it, but the shell also expands the ANSI C character escapes (like \n for a newline, \t for tab, and \xHH for the character with hexadecimal code HH). Otherwise, however, they behave as single-quoted strings: no parameter or command substitution takes place:
reply=$'"That\'ll be $4.96, please," said the cashier'
The important thing to note is that the single string that gets stored in the reply variable is exactly the same in all of these examples. Similarly, after the shell is done parsing a command line, there is no way for the command being run to tell exactly how each argument string was actually typed – or even if it was typed, rather than being created programmatically somehow.
Below is what worked for me -
QUOTE="'"
hive -e "alter table TBL_NAME set location $QUOTE$TBL_HDFS_DIR_PATH$QUOTE"
EDIT: (As per the comments in question:)
I've been looking into this since then. I was lucky enough that I had repo laying around. Still it's not clear to me whether you need to enclose your commands between single quotes by force. I looked into the repo syntax and I don't think you need to. You could used double quotes around your command, and then use whatever single and double quotes you need inside provided you escape double ones.
just use printf
instead of
repo forall -c '....$variable'
use printf to replace the variable token with the expanded variable.
For example:
template='.... %s'
repo forall -c $(printf "${template}" "${variable}")
Variables can contain single quotes.
myvar=\'....$variable\'
repo forall -c $myvar
I was wondering why I could never get my awk statement to print from an ssh session so I found this forum. Nothing here helped me directly but if anyone is having an issue similar to below, then give me an up vote. It seems any sort of single or double quotes were just not helping, but then I didn't try everything.
check_var="df -h / | awk 'FNR==2{print $3}'"
getckvar=$(ssh user#host "$check_var")
echo $getckvar
What do you get? A load of nothing.
Fix: escape \$3 in your print function.
Does this work for you?
eval repo forall -c '....$variable'
Let's say we need to pass some argument to a shell command. (Let's assume a Bourne compatible shell.)
For example, let's say we want to print the string He said "It's a boy"; sure using echo(1).
Naturally, we can't do it this way:
s = [[He said "It's a boy"; sure]]
os.execute("echo " .. s)
But the following works fine:
s = [[He said "It's a boy"; sure]]
os.execute(("echo %q"):format(s))
My question: Do you think using %q to quote shell arguments is good enough?
I already know that %q isn't quite good if our argument includes a newline (it would get converted to slash+newline, which would mean that the shell would see no character; but at least it won't break the command). So that's one case against us. Are there any other cases where %q will fail us?
No, using %q is not good enough. Dollar signs and backticks are not escaped, which can be abused to expose the contents of environment variables, or worse, execute arbitrary commands.
From the reference manual for 5.1:
the string is written between double quotes, and all double quotes, newlines, embedded zeros, and backslashes in the string are correctly escaped when written
Assuming this is correct, those are the only characters that will be escaped. In your case, there are special characters recognized by the shell, such as ;, not in this list, so this would not escape it. But %q worked because it encloses the string with quotes so the ; got hidden. Also, this is meant to generate a string that can be read by Lua. So adding an escape char to quotes, backslashes etc is not necessarily what you need for the command shell to understand your command. I think it is difficult to say for sure whether %q will always do what you want, for any shell.
I want to run a command from a bash script which has single quotes and some other commands inside the single quotes and a variable.
e.g. repo forall -c '....$variable'
In this format, $ is escaped and the variable is not expanded.
I tried the following variations but they were rejected:
repo forall -c '...."$variable" '
repo forall -c " '....$variable' "
" repo forall -c '....$variable' "
repo forall -c "'" ....$variable "'"
If I substitute the value in place of the variable the command is executed just fine.
Please tell me where am I going wrong.
Inside single quotes everything is preserved literally, without exception.
That means you have to close the quotes, insert something, and then re-enter again.
'before'"$variable"'after'
'before'"'"'after'
'before'\''after'
Word concatenation is simply done by juxtaposition. As you can verify, each of the above lines is a single word to the shell. Quotes (single or double quotes, depending on the situation) don't isolate words. They are only used to disable interpretation of various special characters, like whitespace, $, ;... For a good tutorial on quoting see Mark Reed's answer. Also relevant: Which characters need to be escaped in bash?
Do not concatenate strings interpreted by a shell
You should absolutely avoid building shell commands by concatenating variables. This is a bad idea similar to concatenation of SQL fragments (SQL injection!).
Usually it is possible to have placeholders in the command, and to supply the command together with variables so that the callee can receive them from the invocation arguments list.
For example, the following is very unsafe. DON'T DO THIS
script="echo \"Argument 1 is: $myvar\""
/bin/sh -c "$script"
If the contents of $myvar is untrusted, here is an exploit:
myvar='foo"; echo "you were hacked'
Instead of the above invocation, use positional arguments. The following invocation is better -- it's not exploitable:
script='echo "arg 1 is: $1"'
/bin/sh -c "$script" -- "$myvar"
Note the use of single ticks in the assignment to script, which means that it's taken literally, without variable expansion or any other form of interpretation.
The repo command can't care what kind of quotes it gets. If you need parameter expansion, use double quotes. If that means you wind up having to backslash a lot of stuff, use single quotes for most of it, and then break out of them and go into doubles for the part where you need the expansion to happen.
repo forall -c 'literal stuff goes here; '"stuff with $parameters here"' more literal stuff'
Explanation follows, if you're interested.
When you run a command from the shell, what that command receives as arguments is an array of null-terminated strings. Those strings may contain absolutely any non-null character.
But when the shell is building that array of strings from a command line, it interprets some characters specially; this is designed to make commands easier (indeed, possible) to type. For instance, spaces normally indicate the boundary between strings in the array; for that reason, the individual arguments are sometimes called "words". But an argument may nonetheless have spaces in it; you just need some way to tell the shell that's what you want.
You can use a backslash in front of any character (including space, or another backslash) to tell the shell to treat that character literally. But while you can do something like this:
reply=\”That\'ll\ be\ \$4.96,\ please,\"\ said\ the\ cashier
...it can get tiresome. So the shell offers an alternative: quotation marks. These come in two main varieties.
Double-quotation marks are called "grouping quotes". They prevent wildcards and aliases from being expanded, but mostly they're for including spaces in a word. Other things like parameter and command expansion (the sorts of thing signaled by a $) still happen. And of course if you want a literal double-quote inside double-quotes, you have to backslash it:
reply="\"That'll be \$4.96, please,\" said the cashier"
Single-quotation marks are more draconian. Everything between them is taken completely literally, including backslashes. There is absolutely no way to get a literal single quote inside single quotes.
Fortunately, quotation marks in the shell are not word delimiters; by themselves, they don't terminate a word. You can go in and out of quotes, including between different types of quotes, within the same word to get the desired result:
reply='"That'\''ll be $4.96, please," said the cashier'
So that's easier - a lot fewer backslashes, although the close-single-quote, backslashed-literal-single-quote, open-single-quote sequence takes some getting used to.
Modern shells have added another quoting style not specified by the POSIX standard, in which the leading single quotation mark is prefixed with a dollar sign. Strings so quoted follow similar conventions to string literals in the ANSI standard version of the C programming language, and are therefore sometimes called "ANSI strings" and the $'...' pair "ANSI quotes". Within such strings, the above advice about backslashes being taken literally no longer applies. Instead, they become special again - not only can you include a literal single quotation mark or backslash by prepending a backslash to it, but the shell also expands the ANSI C character escapes (like \n for a newline, \t for tab, and \xHH for the character with hexadecimal code HH). Otherwise, however, they behave as single-quoted strings: no parameter or command substitution takes place:
reply=$'"That\'ll be $4.96, please," said the cashier'
The important thing to note is that the single string that gets stored in the reply variable is exactly the same in all of these examples. Similarly, after the shell is done parsing a command line, there is no way for the command being run to tell exactly how each argument string was actually typed – or even if it was typed, rather than being created programmatically somehow.
Below is what worked for me -
QUOTE="'"
hive -e "alter table TBL_NAME set location $QUOTE$TBL_HDFS_DIR_PATH$QUOTE"
EDIT: (As per the comments in question:)
I've been looking into this since then. I was lucky enough that I had repo laying around. Still it's not clear to me whether you need to enclose your commands between single quotes by force. I looked into the repo syntax and I don't think you need to. You could used double quotes around your command, and then use whatever single and double quotes you need inside provided you escape double ones.
just use printf
instead of
repo forall -c '....$variable'
use printf to replace the variable token with the expanded variable.
For example:
template='.... %s'
repo forall -c $(printf "${template}" "${variable}")
Variables can contain single quotes.
myvar=\'....$variable\'
repo forall -c $myvar
I was wondering why I could never get my awk statement to print from an ssh session so I found this forum. Nothing here helped me directly but if anyone is having an issue similar to below, then give me an up vote. It seems any sort of single or double quotes were just not helping, but then I didn't try everything.
check_var="df -h / | awk 'FNR==2{print $3}'"
getckvar=$(ssh user#host "$check_var")
echo $getckvar
What do you get? A load of nothing.
Fix: escape \$3 in your print function.
Does this work for you?
eval repo forall -c '....$variable'
My keyboard only has normal quotes, not the smart ones.
I have obversed that I need normal ones in cgi development and the backward ones in AWK/SED.
Is there any rule when I should use smart quotes, normal ones and backward ones?
Obviously, I need to edit my keyboard layout to get the smart quotes.
If you mean ` by smart quotes, then that is actually called "backquote". Smart quotes are when you type ' and ", but get ‘ and ’ or “ and ” automatically depending on the context. I'm not sure how you would use smart quotes in awk or sed.
In the shell, backquotes, such as `command`, are used to evaluate a command and substitute the result of the command within them into the shell expression being evaluated; it can be used to compute and argument to another command, or to set a variable. For less ambiguity, you can instead use $(command), which makes a lot of quoting rules easier to work out.
In the shell, ' and " are also different. " is used for strings in which you want variable substitution and escape sequences. ' represents a string containing just the characters within the quotes, with not variable interpolation or escape sequences.
So, for example:
$ name=world
$ echo "Hello, $name"
Hello, world
$ echo 'Hello, $name'
Hello, $name
$ echo "Testing \\ escapes"
Testing \ escapes
$ echo 'Testing \\ escapes'
Testing \\ escapes
$ echo `ls`
example-file another-example
$ echo 'ls'
ls
$ echo "ls"
ls
Other scripting languages, such as Perl and Ruby, have similar rules, though there may be slight differences.
Smart quotes are for beautiful typesetting. They have nothing to do with programming.
Edit: the quotes you do need.
Double quotes: " " they are used for literal strings in many languages
Single quotes: ' ' used for literal characters in some languages like C and for strings in languages like javascript and php. (For example if you need to print a string "foo", you could use '"foo"')
Back quotes: in UNIX shells, to indicate substitution of the standard output from one command into a line of text defining another command. For example echo ``date\ might execute echo Sat Mar 1 09:43:00 GMT 2008 and print Sat Mar 1 09:43:00 GMT 2008.
Backquotes are used a lot in shell/awk/perl programming, and when doing documents in TeX. Other than that, you probably won't use them much.
Smart quotes are the devil.
As far as I know, no language requires (or necessarily even supports) "smart quotes" unless you are calling the backtick character ` a smart quote. if that's the case, many language support the backtick. For example, both bash and ruby use the backtick for command substitution.
To answer the question Is there any rule when I should use smart quotes and normal ones?, yes, there is a rule (again, assuming you mean the backtick when you say "smart quotes"). In most languages, different types of quoting give you different types of behavior. The rule is, learn what the behavior is for that particular language then pick the quote that gives you that behavior.
Smart quotes is word processor feature. When you type "quote" it gets automatically replaced with “quote” or „quote”. I think you got your nomenclature wrong.
Just an FYI, another term for 'smart quotes' (which I have never heard of that before), is grave accent.
I think the rules have been laid out pretty clearly in previous answers.
$ /usr/games/fortune