http://play.golang.org/p/xjs-jwMsr7
I have this function
func (e *MyError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("AT %v, %s", e.When, e.What)
}
But
as you see below, I never called it but how come it is called in the final output?
type MyError struct {
When time.Time
What string
}
func (e *MyError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("AT %v, %s", e.When, e.What)
}
func run() error {
return &MyError{
time.Now(), "it didn't work",
}
}
func main() {
if err := run(); err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
}
fmt.Println and the other functions in pkg/fmt analyze the objects passed to it.
If it is an error, the function calls .Error() on the passed object and prints the string
returned by Error().
See the source for details. The code says:
switch v := p.field.(type) {
case error:
// ...
p.printField(v.Error(), verb, plus, false, depth)
return
// ...
}
The type of the passed object is checked in a type switch statement and in case of the object
implementing the error interface, v.Error() is used as value.
Related
package main
import (
"errors"
"fmt"
)
type myError struct{ err error }
func (e myError) Error() string { return e.err.Error() }
func new(msg string, args ...any) error {
return myError{fmt.Errorf(msg, args...)}
}
func (e myError) Unwrap() error { return e.err }
func (e myError) As(target any) bool { return errors.As(e.err, target) }
func (e myError) Is(target error) bool { return errors.Is(e.err, target) }
func isMyError(err error) bool {
target := new("")
return errors.Is(err, target)
}
func asMyError(err error) (error, bool) {
var target myError
ok := errors.As(err, &target)
return target, ok
}
func main() {
err := fmt.Errorf("wrap: %w", new("I am a myError"))
fmt.Println(isMyError(err))
fmt.Println(asMyError(err))
err = fmt.Errorf("wrap: %w", errors.New("I am not a myError"))
fmt.Println(isMyError(err))
fmt.Println(asMyError(err))
}
I expected
true
I am a myError true
false
I am not a myError false
but I got
false
I am a myError true
false
%!v(PANIC=Error method: runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference) false
I tried to add
func (e myError) Unwrap() error { return e.err }
func (e myError) As(target any) bool { return errors.As(e.err, target) }
func (e myError) Is(target error) bool { return errors.Is(e.err, target) }
I tried
func asMyError(err error) (error, bool) {
target := &myError{} // was 'var target myError' before
ok := errors.As(err, &target)
return target, ok
}
I tried
func new(msg string, args ...any) error {
return &myError{fmt.Errorf(msg, args...)} // The change is the character '&'
}
but none of these changed anything. I also tried
func asMyError(err error) (error, bool) {
target := new("") // // was 'var target myError' or 'target := &myError{}' before
ok := errors.As(err, &target)
return target, ok
}
and then I got
false
wrap: I am a myError true
false
wrap: I am not a myError true
, which I guess makes sense but again does not solve my problem. I have a hard time to wrap my head this problem. Can you give me a hand?
So the point of errors.Is and errors.As is that errors can be wrapped, and these functions allow you to extract what the underlying cause of a given error was. This essentially relies on certain errors having specific error values. Take this as an example:
const (
ConnectionFailed = "connection error"
ConnectionTimedOut = "connection timed out"
)
type PkgErr struct {
Msg string
}
func (p PkgErr) Error() string {
return p.Msg
}
func getError(msg string) error {
return PkgErr{
Msg: msg,
}
}
func DoStuff() (bool, error) {
// stuff
err := getError(ConnectionFailed)
return false, fmt.Errorf("unable to do stuff: %w", err)
}
Then, in the caller, you can do something like this:
_, err := pkg.DoStuff()
var pErr pkg.PkgErr
if errors.As(err, &pErr) {
fmt.Printf("DoStuff failed with error %s, underlying error is: %s\n", err, pErr)
}
Or, if you only want to handle connection timeouts, but connection errors should instantly fail, you could do something like this:
accept := pkg.PkgErr{
Msg: pkg.ConnectionTimedOut,
}
if err := pkg.DoStuff(); err != nil {
if !errors.Is(err, accept) {
panic("Fatal: " + err.Error())
}
// handle timeout
}
There is, essentially, nothing you need to implement for the unwrap/is/as part. The idea is that you get a "generic" error back, and you want to unwrap the underlying error values that you know about, and you can/want to handle. If anything, at this point, the custom error type is more of a nuisance than an added value. The common way of using this wrapping/errors.Is thing is by just having your errors as variables:
var (
ErrConnectionFailed = errors.New("connection error")
ErrConnectionTimedOut = errors.New("connection timed out")
)
// then return something like this:
return fmt.Errorf("failed to do X: %w", ErrConnectionFailed)
Then in the caller, you can determine why something went wrong by doing:
if error.Is(err, pkg.ErrConnectionFailed) {
panic("connection is borked")
} else if error.Is(err, pkg.ErrConnectionTimedOut) {
// handle connection time-out, perhaps retry...
}
An example of how this is used can be found in the SQL packages. The driver package has an error variable defined like driver.ErrBadCon, but errors from DB connections can come from various places, so when interacting with a resource like this, you can quickly work out what went wrong by doing something like:
if err := foo.DoStuff(); err != nil {
if errors.Is(err, driver.ErrBadCon) {
panic("bad connection")
}
}
I myself haven't really used the errors.As all that much. IMO, it feels a bit wrong to return an error, and pass it further up the call stack to be handled depending on what the error exactly is, or even: extract an underlying error (often removing data), to pass it back up. I suppose it could be used in cases where error messages could contain sensitive information you don't want to send back to a client or something:
// dealing with credentials:
var ErrInvalidData = errors.New("data invalid")
type SanitizedErr struct {
e error
}
func (s SanitizedErr) Error() string { return s.e.Error() }
func Authenticate(user, pass string) error {
// do stuff
if !valid {
return fmt.Errorf("user %s, pass %s invalid: %w", user, pass, SanitizedErr{
e: ErrInvalidData,
})
}
}
Now, if this function returns an error, to prevent the user/pass data to be logged or sent back in any way shape or form, you can extract the generic error message by doing this:
var sanitized pkg.SanitizedErr
_ = errors.As(err, &sanitized)
// return error
return sanitized
All in all though, this has been a part of the language for quite some time, and I've not seen it used all that much. If you want your custom error types to implement an Unwrap function of sorts, though, the way to do this is really quite easy. Taking this sanitized error type as an example:
func (s SanitizedErr) Unwrap() error {
return s.e
}
That's all. The thing to keep in mind is that, at first glance, the Is and As functions work recursively, so the more custom types that you use that implement this Unwrap function, the longer the actual unwrapping will take. That's not even accounting for situations where you might end up with something like this:
boom := SanitizedErr{}
boom.e = boom
Now the Unwrap method will simply return the same error over and over again, which is just a recipe for disaster. The value you get from this is, IMO, quite minimal anyway.
I've completed the Go course but I cannot think as to why this function isn't working and I am just guessing at this point
Error message:
./form.go:34:2: too many arguments to return
have (string)
want ()
func main() {
name()
}
func name() {
nameapi, err := http.Get("https://randomuser.me/api/")
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
nameapiData, err := ioutil.ReadAll(nameapi.Body)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
fmt.Println(string(nameapiData)) // If not in string, byte form
var responseObject Response
json.Unmarshal(nameapiData, &responseObject)
fmt.Println()
fmt.Println()
fmt.Println()
fmt.Println(responseObject.Results[0].Name.First)
//flname := responseObject.Results[0].Name.First + " " + response.Object.Results[0].Name.Last
returnvalue := responseObject.Results[0].Name.First
return returnvalue
}
type Response struct {
Results []struct {
Gender string `json:"gender"`
Name struct {
Title string `json:"title"`
First string `json:"first"`
Last string `json:"last"`
} `json:"name"`
}
}
Edited to add struct.
Your function is declared as:
func name()
This means that it takes no arguments and returns nothing.
However, you are attempting to return returnvalue which is probably a string given the error.
Either use a naked return or specify that the function must return a string:
func name() string
I recommend you take the tour of Go, this is covered fairly early on.
I'm trying to build a method that, using the Kubernetes client-go library, fetches and returns the actual Resources for a given *metav1.OwnerReference. I have this:
func fetchResource(ref *metav1.OwnerReference, options *RequestOptions) (*metav1.ObjectMeta, error) {
switch ref.Kind {
case "ReplicaSet":
return options.Clientset.AppsV1().ReplicaSets(options.Namespace).Get(options.Context, ref.Name, metav1.GetOptions{})
case "Deployment":
return options.Clientset.AppsV1().Deployments(options.Namespace).Get(options.Context, ref.Name, metav1.GetOptions{})
case "Job":
fallthrough
// more stuff...
default:
return nil, nil
}
}
This code does not compile because:
cannot use options.Clientset.AppsV1().ReplicaSets(options.Namespace).Get(options.Context, ref.Name, (metav1.GetOptions literal)) (value of type *"k8s.io/api/apps/v1".ReplicaSet) as *"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1".ObjectMeta value in return statement
My guess was that since the documentation says that basically all resources embedd the metav1.ObjectMeta, I could use it as a return type.
I tried creating and returning an interface instead, but realized I can't implement it for types outside my package:
type K8sResource interface {
Name() string
Kind() string
OwnerReferences() []metav1.OwnerReference
}
func (pod *corev1.Pod) Name() string {
return pod.Name
}
func (pod *corev1.Pod) Kind() string {
return pod.Kind
}
func (pod *corev1.Pod) OwnerReferences() []metav1.OwnerReference {
return pod.OwnerReferences
}
This code does not compile because:
invalid receiver *"k8s.io/api/core/v1".Pod (type not defined in this package)
What would be the idiomatic and correct solution here?
If you want to return the imported types as an interface that they don't already implement, you can wrap them in types that do implement it.
For example:
type K8sResource interface {
Name() string
Kind() string
OwnerReferences() []metav1.OwnerReference
}
type replicaSet struct{ *v1.ReplicaSet }
func (s replicaSet) Name() string {
return s.ReplicaSet.Name
}
func (s replicaSet) Kind() string {
return s.ReplicaSet.Kind
}
func (s replicaSet) OwnerReferences() []metav1.OwnerReference {
return s.ReplicaSet.OwnerReferences
}
func fetchResource(ref *metav1.OwnerReference, options *RequestOptions) (K8sResource, error) {
switch ref.Kind {
case "ReplicaSet":
res, err := options.Clientset.AppsV1().ReplicaSets(options.Namespace).Get(options.Context, ref.Name, metav1.GetOptions{})
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return replicaSet{res}, nil // wrap it up
case "Pod":
res, err := options.Clientset.AppsV1().Pods(options.Namespace).Get(options.Context, ref.Name, metav1.GetOptions{})
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return pod{res}, nil // wrap it up
case "Job":
fallthrough
// more stuff...
default:
return nil, nil
}
}
I'm developing a tool that can be implemented to simplify the process of creating simple CRUD operations/endpoints. Since my endpoints don't know what kind of struct they'll be receiving, I've created an interface that users can implement, and return an empty object to be filled.
type ItemFactory interface {
GenerateEmptyItem() interface{}
}
And the users would implement something like:
type Test struct {
TestString string `json:"testString"`
TestInt int `json:"testInt"`
TestBool bool `json:"testBool"`
}
func (t Test) GenerateEmptyItem() interface{} {
return Test{}
}
When the Test object gets created, its type is "Test", even though the func returned an interface{}. However, as soon as I try to unmarshal some json of the same format into it, it strips it of its type, and becomes of type "map[string]interface {}".
item := h.ItemFactory.GenerateEmptyItem()
//Prints "Test"
fmt.Printf("%T\n", item)
fmt.Println(reflect.TypeOf(item))
err := ConvertRequestBodyIntoObject(r, &item)
if err != nil {...}
//Prints "map[string]interface {}"
fmt.Printf("%T\n", item)
Func that unmarshalls item:
func ConvertRequestBodyIntoObject(request *http.Request, object interface{}) error {
body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(request.Body)
if err != nil {
return err
}
// Unmarshal body into request object
err = json.Unmarshal(body, object)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return nil
}
Any suggestions as to why this happens, or how I can work around it?
Thanks
Your question lacks an example showing this behavior so I'm just guessing this is what is happening.
func Generate() interface{} {
return Test{}
}
func GeneratePointer() interface{} {
return &Test{}
}
func main() {
vi := Generate()
json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &vi)
fmt.Printf("Generate Type: %T\n", vi)
vp := GeneratePointer()
json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), vp)
fmt.Printf("GenerateP Type: %T\n", vp)
}
Which outputs:
Generate Type: map[string]interface {}
GenerateP Type: *main.Test
I suggest you return a pointer in GenerateEmptyItem() instead of the actual struct value which is demonstrated in the GenerateP() example.
Playground Example
// Valid checks Config data
func (c *Config) Valid() Error {
// Check mapping.hosts
for _, raw := range c.Mapping.Hosts {
if validIP := utils.ValidIP4(raw.IPAddress); !validIP {
err := new(InvalidIPError)
return err
}
}
return nil
}
// Error represents errors in config
type Error interface {
Error() string
}
// InvalidIPError raises when invalid ip provided
type InvalidIPError struct {
HostRaw HostRaw
}
func (e *InvalidIPError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("You specified invalid IP: %v", e.HostRaw)
}
How I can create instance of InvalidIPError with new keyword and values to send it to return in one line?
For example something like this return new(InvalidIPError{HostRaw: raw})
return &InvalidIPError{HostRaw: raw}