I have a program foo I'm trying to compile and link and I'm running into a chicken and egg dillemma.
For reasons I'll explain below, Within a given directory I'm forced to add a link to several libraries we build (let's call them libA and libB) regardless of my target. I know I only actually need libA for my program; so after all libs are built and this binary is built I verified with ldd -u -r foo to show that libB is an unused direct dependency.
Being unused I altered the makefiles and flags such that libB is enveloped with -Wl --as-needed and -Wl --no-as-needed. I make rebuild, use ldd again and this time it doesn't show any unused deps. So far so good.
Now the fun part: Since its unused I would expect that if libB is not found/available/built that I should still be able to compile and link foo as long is libA is available. (example: If I did a fresh checkout and only built libA before trying to compile this specific test). But ld errors out with /usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lB
This suggests that ld needs to locate libB even if it won't need any of the symbols it provides? That doesn't seem to make sense. If all symbolic dependencies are already met, why does it even need to look at this other library? (That would explain the problem ld has and why this is not possible)
Is there a way I can say "Hey don't complain if you can't find this library and we shouldn't need to link with it?"
The promised reasons below
For various reasons beyond my control I have to share makeflags with many other tests in this directory due to the projects makefile hierarchy. There is a two level makefile for all these tests that says foo is a phony target, his recipe is make -f generictest.mk target=foo, and the generictest.mk just says that the source file is $(target).C, that this binary needs to use each library we build, specifies relative path to our root directory and then includes root's generic makefile. The root directory generic makefile expands all the other stuff out (flags, options, compiler, auto-gen of dependencies through g++ etc), and most importantly for each statement that said "use libX" in generictest.mk it adds -lX to the flags (or in my case enveloped in as-needed's)
While I'm well aware there are lots of things that are very unideal and/or horribly incorrect in terms of makefile best practices with this, I don't have the authority/physical ability to change it. And compared to the alternative employed in other folders, where others make individual concrete copies of this makefile for each target, I greatly prefer it; because that forces me to edit all of them whenever want to revise our whole make pattern, and yields lot of other typos and problems.
I could certainly create another generictest.mk like file to use for some tests and group together those using each based on actual library needs, but it would be kind of neat if I didn't have to as long as I said "you don't all of them, you need each of them but only if you actually use it".
There's no way that the linker can know that the library is not needed. Even after all your "normal" libraries are linked there are still lots and lots of unresolved symbols: symbols for the C runtime library (printf, etc.). The linker has no idea where those are going to come from.
Personally I'd be surprised if the linker didn't complain, even if every single symbol was already resolved. After all there may be fancy things at work here: weak bindings, etc. which may mean that symbols found later on the link line would be preferred over symbols found earlier (I'm not 100% sure this is possible but I wouldn't be surprised).
As for your situation, if you know that the library is not needed can't you just use $(filter-out ...) on the link command line to get rid of it? You'd have to write your own explicit rule for this with your own recipe, rather than using a default one, but at least you could use all the same variables.
Alternatively it MIGHT be possible to play some tricks with target-specific variables. Declare a target-specific variable for that target that resets the variable containing the "bad library" with a value that doesn't contain it (maybe by using $(filter-out ...) as above), and it will override that value for that target only. There are some subtle gotchas with target-specific variables overriding "more general" variables but I think it would work.
Related
Suppose we call
gcc -Dmyflag -lmylib mycode.c
where mylib contains all of mycode but is compiled without -Dmyflag. So all functions and other entities implemented in mycode are available in two versions to the loader. Empirically, I find that the version from mycode is taken. Can I rely on that? Will mycode always overwrite mylib?
Empirically, I find that the version from mycode is taken.
Read this explanation of how linker works with archive libraries, and possibly this one.
Can I rely on that?
You should rely on understanding how this works.
If you understood material in referenced links, you'll observe that adding main to libmylib.a will invert the answer (and if mycode.c also contains main, you'll get duplicate symbol definition error).
If you are using a dynamic library libmylib.so, the rules are different, and the library will always lose to the main binary, although there are many complications, such as LD_PRELOAD, linking the library with -Bsymbolic, and others.
In short, you should prefer to not do this at all.
Normally, I would compile a program that requires a specific library, e.g. math, by passing the linker flag after the sources that need it like so:
gcc foo.c -lm
However, it seems that older versions of gcc work equally well with the reverse order (let's call this BAD ORDER):
gcc -lm foo.c
I wouldn't worry about it if some popular open-source projects I'm trying to compile didn't use the latter while my version of gcc (or is it ld that's the problem?) work only in the former case (also, the correct one in my opinion).
My question is: when did the BAD ORDER stop working and why? It seems that not supporting it breaks legacy packages.
when did the BAD ORDER stop working and why? It seems that not supporting it breaks legacy packages.
When?
Not dead sure but I think pre-GCC 4.5. Long ago. Subsequently, the --as-needed option is operative for shared libraries by default,
so like static libraries, they must occur in the linkage sequence later than the objects for which they provide definitions.
This is a change in the default options that the gcc/g++/gfortran etc. tool-driver passes to ld.
Why?
It was considered confusing to inexpert users that static libraries by default has to appear
later that the objects to which they provided definitions while shared libraries by default did
not - the difference between the two typically being concealed by the -l<name> convention
for linking either libname.a or libname.so.
It was perhaps an unforeseen consequence that inexpert users who
had formerly had a lot of luck with the mistaken belief that a GCC
[compile and] link command conforms to the normal Unix pattern:
command [OPTION...] FILE [FILE...]
e.g.
gcc -lthis -lthat -o prog foo.o bar.o
now fare much worse with it.
In src/foo I create lib foo linked with -lwhatever
add_library(foo foo.cpp)
target_link_libraries(foo -lwhatever)
In src/bar I use foo
add_executable (bar bar.cpp)
target_link_libraries(bar foo)
Might be thanks to LTO, but I need to add -lwhatever to target_link_libraries of bar otherwise I have missing symbols at compile time.
target_link_libraries(bar foo -lwhatever)
Can't it be done transparently?
As of CMake 3.0, CMake is missing the INTERFACE_LINK_FLAGS target property which would make this possible.
The problem here is really that using target_link_libraries to specify linker flags was not the smartest design decision in the first place. A separate command in the spirit of target_compile_options would have been desirable.
I consider this an oversight in CMake. If you have a relevant use case, you might be able to argue for the inclusion of a target_link_flags command in a future CMake version. Feel free to contact the developer's mailing list if this is a major concern for you.
An alternative for now would be to use the LINK_FLAGS target property of foo to specify the link flags. You can then also inspect that property at the point where you specify bar to avoid having to hardcode the options twice, effectively turning it into an INTERFACE_* property manually. But that's about as good as it gets.
Is there any way to tell the compiler (gcc/mingw32) when building an object file (lib*.o) to only expose certain functions from the .c file?
The reason I want to do this is that I am statically linking to a 100,000+ line library (SQLite), but am only using a select few of the functions it offers. I am hoping that if I can tell the compiler to only expose those functions, it will optimize out all the code of the functions that are never needed for those few I selected, thus dratically decreasing the size of the library.
I found several possible solutions:
This is what I asked about. It is the gcc equivalent of Windows' dllexpoort:
http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.6.1/gcc/Code-Gen-Options.html (-fvisibility)
http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Visibility
I also discovered link-time code-generation. This allows the linker to see what parts of the code are actually used and get rid of the rest. Using this together with strip and -fwhole-program has given me drastically better results.
http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.6.1/gcc/Optimize-Options.html (see -flto and -fwhole-program)
Note: This flag only makes sense if you are not compiling the whole program in one call to gcc, which is what I was doing (making a sqlite.o file and then statically linking it in).
The third option which I found but have not yet looked into is mentioned here:
How to remove unused C/C++ symbols with GCC and ld?
That's probably the linkers job, not the compilers. When linking that as a program (.exe), the linker will take care of only importing the relevant symbols, and when linking a DLL, the __dllexport mechanism is probably what you are looking for, or some flags of ld can help you (man ld).
I am trying to save space in my executable and I noticed that several functions are being added into my object files, even though I never call them (the code is from a library).
Is there a way to tell gcc to remove these functions automatically or do I need to remove them manually?
If you are compiling into object files (not executables), then a compiler will never remove any non-static functions, since it's always possible you will link the object file against another object file that will call that function. So your first step should be declaring as many functions as possible static.
Secondly, the only way for a compiler to remove any unused functions would be to statically link your executable. In that case, there is at least the possibility that a program might come along and figure out what functions are used and which ones are not used.
The catch is, I don't believe that gcc actually does this type of cross-module optimization. Your best bet is the -Os flag to optimize for code size, but even then, if you have an object file abc.o which has some unused non-static functions and you link statically against some executable def.exe, I don't believe that gcc will go and strip out the code for the unused functions.
If you truly desperately need this to be done, I think you might have to actually #include the files together so that after the preprocessor pass, it results in a single .c file being compiled. With gcc compiling a single monstrous jumbo source file, you stand the best chance of unused functions being eliminated.
Have you looked into calling gcc with -Os (optimize for size.) I'm not sure if it strips unreached code, but it would be simple enough to test. You could also, after getting your executable back, 'strip' it. I'm sure there's a gcc command-line arg to do the same thing - is it --dead_strip?
In addition to -Os to optimize for size, this link may be of help.
Since I asked this question, GCC 4.5 was released which includes an option to combine all files so it looks like it is just 1 gigantic source file. Using that option, it is possible to easily strip out the unused functions.
More details here
IIRC the linker by default does what you want ins some specific cases. The short of it is that library files contain a bunch of object files and only referenced files are linked in. If you can figure out how to get GCC to emit each function into it's own object file and then build this into a library you should get what you are looking.
I only know of one compiler that can actually do this: here (look at the -lib flag)