How I can identify a connection, and be sure of destination of a message? Like a chat with private message.
Actually, I have read the request header, and I saw a line with sec-websocket-key. There is a relation with what I'm asking?
No. The key is is part of the WebSocket handshake.
The websocket connection will send the HTTP cookies during the handshake, so if the user is authenticated with cookies, you can reuse that information.
Related
I'm trying to make a WSS connection using default karate.webSocket(url, handler);
Connection is successful, but desired host requires Authorization: Bearer XXX header when upgrading connection from https to wss
Is it possible to provide custom HTTP headers from *.feature file for WebSocket connection?
Actually no, we never realized this was needed until now. We've opened an issue: https://github.com/intuit/karate/issues/775 - hope we can count on you to test this.
As far as I know, HTTPS requests are regular HTTP requests encrypted with the public key provided by the server during the initial handshake.
I have been reading about HSTS but have not been able to find anything related to the public key of sites that are in preloaded HSTS lists. Are the public keys of these sites also preloaded? Or is this key sent by the server on initial handshake like in any HTTPS request?
is this key sent by the server on initial handshake like in any HTTPS request?
Yes. HSTS just says “always use HTTPS for this domain so automatically correct any http:// calls to https:// before it is sent”.
It says nothing about how that HTTPS connection is set up, which is done through the usual manner.
Im learning Session Management and i have two questions for which i could not find answers on the web.
Once the user is authenticated, the Server creates the Session ID and sends it the client (user) in the form of a cookie. This cookie is then subsequently used in request the client sends to the server to identify himself among other users.
Now in HTTPS session, the requests sent between the client and server is secured, as requests from client are encrypted using the Public key and it can only be encrypted using the Private key which the server only has.
But initially when the server sends the cookie information to the client, it could be intercepted by anyone as even if this cookie which contais the session ID is encrypted using the Private key, it could be decrypted by anyone having the Public key. So, my question is :
1) how does the server make sure that the session ID created by the server is securely sent to the client.
2) I learnt the client sends the cookie for each request it makes to the server. In GET request, how does the client send the cookie information as GET does not include the body .
When HTTPS is used a secure connection is established before any HTTP requests are actually sent.
Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor SSL are not built on top of HTTP, but the other way around. They are one or two layers below HTTP in the OSI model. HTTP doesn't care whether the connection that it uses is encrypted or not. The browser just requests resources and sends header information such as cookies along with it.
You can check this yourself. Run a capture software like wireshark and look how the connection is established for a website using HTTP and HTTPS.
How can I make sure only a script hosted on a specific list of domains is allowed to connect to my WebSocket application?
Or to prevent opinion based closevotes, is there a state-of-the-art or native way?
I do not intend to implement user authentication.
The mechanism for this with WebSocket is the origin header.
This HTTP header is set by browsers to the domain of the host that served the HTML that contained the JavaScript which opened the WebSocket connection.
A WebSocket server can inspect the origin header during the initial opening handshake of the WebSocket protocol. The server can then only allow proceeding of the connection if the origin matches a known whitelist.
The header cannot be modified from JavaScript, and all browsers are required by the RFC6455 specification to include it.
Caution: a non-browser WebSocket client can of course fake the origin header to any value it likes.
#oberstet gave you the right answer.
If you are worried about bots or programmatic HTTP agents, then you are going to have a bad time. Everything in a HTTP request can be spoofed. Your only option is to use cookies to attach a token with limited time validity that certify the user went through an allowed website to get that script. Get that cookie in the WebSocket handshake and decide if you allow it or not.
E.g.: When a user visit your site, or one of your sites, return a cookie with a symmetrically encrypted token based on the user IP address, User-Agent header, and Origin header; when the user initiates a WebSocket connection, if it is in the same 2nd domain, it will send the cookie, then if the data adds up allow the connection, otherwise, reject it. If the WS is in another domain, then you will have to forget about cookies and rely on a web socket message once the connection is established to check the validity of the connection.
I don't understand the meaning of "258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11" in RFC 6455.
Why does the server need this magic string?
And why does the WebSocket protocol need this mechanism?
The RFC explains it. It is a GUID, selected because it is "unlikely to be used by network endpoints that do not understand the WebSocket Protocol". See RFC 6455.
If you're interested in the specifics of the format for GUIDs like that, see RFC 4122.
From the Quora answer:
There is no reason for choosing the magic string. The particular magic string GUID was chosen to add some level of integrity to the WebSockets protocol, because the string is globally unique.
The RFC (RFC 6455 - The WebSocket Protocol) only says:
...concatenate this with the Globally Unique Identifier (GUID,
[RFC4122]) "258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11" in string form,
which is unlikely to be used by network endpoints that do not
understand the WebSocket Protocol.
Hope that answers your question.
Why does the WebSocket protocol need this mechanism?
A websocket connection is asked by a browser, simply with the code below
new WebSocket("wss://echo.websocket.org")
From the debugger we can see a 101 GET, and by inspecting the request header, we can see this particular entry:
Sec-WebSocket-Key: qcq+klmT4W41IrmG3/fseA==
This is a unique hash, identifying the browser.
On the server side the $client_key hash is received. Only the hash value is kept. The return value looks like this using PHP:
"Sec-WebSocket-Accept: " . base64_encode(sha1( $client_key .
"258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11",true))
The browser get back the response, (example). This is the sha1 of the sent key concatenated with the 258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11 websocket unique GUID.
Sec-WebSocket-Accept: r1Km05q03xuNRYy7mxkCRRgbh2M=
The browser is then checking if the hash match his own calculation, done under the hood. If so, the handshake completed, the remote server is actually a real websocket server, and hence the tunnel is created, and kept alive.
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSockets_API/Writing_WebSocket_servers