Related
I have many very similar $(foreach..) loops in a makefile that work like in the target_old target below:
define NL
endef
extras=some/path/
vars=a b c
all: target_old target_new
target_old:
# foreach and some multiple evals inside and some multiple commands inside
$(foreach var, ${vars}, \
$(eval extra := ${extras}${var}) \
#echo var is ${var} and extras is ${extra}$(NL) \
)
# my try to wrap it in a function
define foreach_vars
$(foreach var, ${vars},
$(eval extra := ${extras}${var}) \
$1$(NL) \
)
endef
target_new:
#echo this is wrong:
$(call foreach_vars, \
#echo var is ${var} and extras is ${extra} \
)
I have many multiple such foreach loops with all the same evals inside the foreach. So I wanted to wrap the foreach loop with the evals inside my own function in foreach_vars. So I don't have to $(eval extra := ${extras}${var}) inside each foreach call. I created target_new target to test it. I would want the output from both targets to be the same, make target_old prints:
$ make target_old
var is a and extras is some/path/a
var is b and extras is some/path/b
var is c and extras is some/path/c
However target_new doesn't pick the ${var} from inside the loop, and ${var} just expands to nothing:
$ make target_new
this is wrong:
var is and extras is
var is and extras is
var is and extras is
I guess this is because the expansion happens before entering the $(call...). Is there any method I can use to "defer" the expansion of arguments inside the $(call...) call until inside foreach inside my function? Is is possible to write a custom foreach-like macro in make? Is there just other method used to implement such functionality?
Yes, your problem comes from the expansion(s) that do not happen when you would like and in the order you would like.
Your use of make is quite unusual because you are using make constructs (foreach, eval, call...) in recipes that are normally plain shell. I guess you have a very good reason but wouldn't it be much easier if you were separating the make world and the shell world? Like in the following, for instance:
extras := some/path/
vars := a b c
target_old:
#for var in $(vars); do \
extra=$(extras)$${var}; \
echo var is $${var} and extra is $${extra}; \
done
It uses make variables (vars, extras) and shell variables (extra, var). The recipe is plain shell. Note the $$ used to escape the first expansion by make such that the shell expansion ${xxx} is done by the shell. Note also the line continuations (\) that form a single line recipe, despite the look. As each line of a make recipe is executed by a separate shell, this is needed to pass shell variables between commands of the shell script.
If you wish, you can also wrap the shell for loop in a make recursively expanded variable:
for = for var in $(vars); do $(1); done
target_new:
#$(call for,extra=$(extras)$${var}; echo var is $${var} and extra is $${extra})
${var} gets immediately expanded, so it needs to be escaped as $${var}. This itself does not fix the issue, since now $1 contains a literal ${var}, which does NOT get expanded within foreach. I would make a simple subst though to get it fixed, e.g.:
$ cat Makefile
define NL
endef
extras=some/path/
vars=a b c
define foreach_vars
$(foreach var, ${vars},
$(eval extra := ${extras}${var}) \
$(subst $$(var),$(var), \
$(subst $$(extra),$(extra), \
$(1))) \
$(NL) \
)
endef
target_new:
$(call foreach_vars, \
#echo var is $$(var) and extras is $$(extra) \
)
Output:
$ make target_new
var is a and extras is some/path/a
var is b and extras is some/path/b
var is c and extras is some/path/c
When make comes to build target_new (like when you type make target_new for instance):
It expands the whole recipeImportant: The recipe is expanded before firing up the shell
For each line of the resulting expansion, it passes one at a time to a fresh invocation of the shell
It's worth showing the expansion make does in painful detail. We have as the recipe:
#echo this is wrong:
$(call foreach_vars, \
#echo var is ${var} and extras is ${extra} \
)
First off, ${var} becomes empty, as is ${extra}
make is left with $(call foreach_vars, #echo var is and extras is ). Now for the call:
1 is set to #echo var is and extras is
make expands $(foreach var, ${vars}, $(eval extra := ${extras}${var}) $1$(NL) )
${vars} is a b c
First iteration:
var is set to a
Make evals extra := some/path/a
The expansion of the eval is empty however, and we are left with $1$(NL) (modulo some whitespace), leaving #echo var is and extras is
Second iteration: ${extra} becomes some/path/b, and we are again left with #echo var is and extras is
Last iteration: ${extra} becomes some/path/c, and we are again left with #echo var is and extras is
The final recipe then:
#echo this is wrong:
#echo var is and extras is
#echo var is and extras is
#echo var is and extras is
which produces the output you described.
So how do we avoid the early expansion of parameters?
Once nice solution is to stick the command-line you want into a variable,
and pass the name of that variable instead.
define foreach_vars # 1: variable containing command-line
$(foreach var,${vars},
$(eval extra := ${extras}${var}) \
${$1}$(NL) \
)
endef
cmds<target_new> = #echo var is ${var} and extras is ${extra}
target_new:
#echo this is right:
$(call foreach_vars,cmds<$#>)
Why mangle the variable name with the name of the target? Lookup tables are nice, and you may find many targets ending up with the same recipe.
cmds<target_new> = #echo var is ${var} and extras is ${extra}
cmds<target_beta> = ${MAKE} ${var}-${extra}
cmds<target_release> = script ${var} | eat ${extra}
target_new target_beta target_release:
$(call foreach_vars,cmds<$#>)
etc.
I have a project which use makefile to control vagrant, I want to put the vagrant parameter into the makefile, such as cpu, memory, ip, hostname, forwarded_port and the like. I find a way that vagrantfile read yaml file to parameterize vagrantfile. So makefile needs a target to read all the user option variables and write them to config.yaml as key-value pairs.
The sample is as follows
# === BEGIN USER OPTIONS ===
BOX_OS ?= fedora
# Box setup
#BOX_IMAGE
# Disk setup
DISK_COUNT ?= 1
DISK_SIZE_GB ?= 25
# VM Resources
MASTER_CPUS ?= 2
MASTER_MEMORY_SIZE_GB ?= 2
NODE_CPUS ?= 2
NODE_MEMORY_SIZE_GB ?= 2
NODE_COUNT ?= 2
# Network
MASTER_IP ?= 192.168.26.10
NODE_IP_NW ?= 192.168.26.
POD_NW_CIDR ?= 10.244.0.0/16
...
...
# === END USER OPTIONS ===
The echo command does achieve it
# Makefile
envInit:
#echo "POD_NW_CIDR : \"$(POD_NW_CIDR)\"" > ${FILECWD}/configs.yaml
But too many variables can be too complex.
Is there a way to bulk read variables and their values and write them to a yml file
I would very appreciate it if you guys can tell me how to achieve it that bulk read variables and their values and write them to a yml file.
Define all user options (along with the default values) as a list, so that they are iterable:
# list of user options with default values
userOptions = \
BOX_OS=2 \
DISK_COUNT=1 \
MASTER_IP=192.168.26.10
# replace each default value with the env value, if any
userOptionValues = $(foreach i, $(userOptions), \
$(word 1, $(subst =, ,$i))=$(or \
$($(word 1, $(subst =, ,$i))), $($(word 1, $(subst =, ,$i))), $(word 2, $(subst =, ,$i))))
# write the yaml file
envInit:
# empty the file
#printf "" > configs.yaml
# write a line for each option
#for i in $(userOptionValues); do \
printf "%s : %s\n" "$$(printf $$i | cut -d= -f1)" "$$(printf $$i | cut -d= -f2)" >> configs.yaml; \
done
#flyx Thank you for you answer, your code does work great. But I seem to have found a more convenient way, and I've partially modified it.
printvars:
#echo$(foreach V,$(sort $(.VARIABLES)), \
$(if $(filter-out environment% default automatic,$(origin $V)),$(info $V: $($V))))
But there is still a gap between achieving the goal.
# the Makefile test file
FILECWD = $(shell pwd)
# === BEGIN USER OPTIONS ===
CLOUD_IP ?= 192.168.79.222
CLOUD_NAME ?= cloud
CLOUD_CPU ?= 6
CLOUD_MEMORY ?= 8
# === END USER OPTIONS ===
printvars:
#echo$(foreach V,$(sort $(.VARIABLES)), \
$(if $(filter-out environment% default automatic,$(origin $V)),$(info $V: $($V))))
make printvars's output contains a number of other variables
$ make printvars
.DEFAULT_GOAL: printvars
CLOUD_IP: 192.168.79.222
CLOUD_MEMORY: 8
CLOUD_NAME: cloud
CURDIR: /testmakecreateyml0930
FILECWD: /testmakecreateyml0930
GNUMAKEFLAGS:
MAKEFILE_LIST: Makefile
MAKEFLAGS:
SHELL: /bin/sh
And it can only be printed and not exported to the yaml file.This is only one step away from success.
I would appreciate it if you could help me modify it to achieve my goal
You can write directly to a file with GNUmakes $(file) function:
define newline :=
$(strip)
$(strip)
endef
space := $(strip) $(strip)#
-never-matching := ¥# character 165, this is used as a list element that should never appear as a real element
option-names = $(subst $(-never-matching),,$(filter $(-never-matching)%,$(subst $(-never-matching)$(space),$(-never-matching),$(-never-matching)$(strip $(subst $(newline), $(-never-matching),$1)))))
# define your user options in as many separate parts as you like, spaces and empty lines included:
define USER_OPTIONS +=
a = spaces are no problem
b = "neither nearly all 'other' characters: 8&)("
endef
define USER_OPTIONS +=
c = baz baf
d = foobar
endef
# make all definition make variables verbatim
$(eval $(USER_OPTIONS))
YAML_FORMAT := $(foreach name,$(call option-names,$(USER_OPTIONS)),$(newline)$(name) : $($(name)))
# write the file. Warning: this happens before any rule is run!
$(file >test.yaml,$(YAML_FORMAT))
$(info $(foreach name,$(call option-names,$(USER_OPTIONS)),<$(name) : $($(name))> ))
The trick lies in the clustering of all relevant user option variables in one multi-line make variable. The function option-names pulls all identifiers from that variable into a separate list.
I took the newline etc. character definitions from the GNUmake table toolkit which has many functions for "programmatic" make.
I have a Makefile that runs pandoc. I want to turn a list of extensions:
PANDOC_EXTENSIONS = \
multiline_tables \
some_other_extension
into a string that looks like:
PANDOC_EXTENSION_LIST = +multiline_tables+some_other_extension
which will then be passed as a command line option to pandoc like this:
pandoc --from$(PANDOC_EXTENSION_LIST) ...
It's trivial in almost any programming language, but I can't figure out how to do this with the patsubst or subst functions, since make doesn't really have lists. Any ideas?
Here:
Makefile
PANDOC_EXTENSIONS = \
multiline_tables \
some_other_extension
$(foreach word,$(PANDOC_EXTENSIONS),$(eval PANDOC_EXTENSION_LIST := $(PANDOC_EXTENSION_LIST)+$(word)))
.PHONY: all
all:
echo $(PANDOC_EXTENSION_LIST)
Which runs like:
$ make
echo +multiline_tables+some_other_extension
+multiline_tables+some_other_extension
As this illustrates, GNU make really does have lists. A sequence of whitespace-separated words is a list.
Based on example in documentation:
empty:=
space:=$(empty) $(empty)
PANDOC_EXTENSIONS = \
multiline_tables \
some_other_extension
all:
#echo +$(subst ${space},+,${PANDOC_EXTENSIONS})
The result:
$ gmake
+multiline_tables+some_other_extension
I'm working on a Makefile which needs to be able to do the following:
From a user given variable, SRVS, containing file names, e.g.,
SRVS=Test1.java,test2.c,test3.c,test4.java,test5.c
produce a list of all files with a certain extension to be used by a foreach loop.
This list should not contain the extension anymore.
Currently, I can parse and get all the files into a usable list, but am unable to do so for an extension.
What I have:
$(foreach SRV, $(shell echo $(SRVS) | tr ',' ' '), \
CLASSPATH=$(SELF)/default_runtime javac $(UJ_DIR)/services/java/$(SRV).java && \
find $(UJ_DIR)/services/java/ -iname "$(SRV).class" -type f >> $(SELF)/files && \
) true
Which will take a list of SRVS and produce list usable by foreach and the code therein. For instance, the above example would result in "test1 test2 test3 test4 test5" to be used by the foreach loop
I'd like now to specify the extension, for instance .c, so that the above example would result in "test2 test3 test5".
Can you help me out?
First, you do not need to call shell (this is uselessly slow) because there are make built-in functions that do what you want. If, in the definition of variable SRVS you really cannot separate your file names with spaces (the standard make word separator) instead of commas, subst can do it for you. But there is a little trick because the comma is itself the arguments separator of make functions:
comma := ,
SRVS1 := $(subst $(comma), ,$(SRVS))
Next, filter is the make function that allows to select files by extension:
SRVS2 := $(filter %.c,$(SRVS1))
And finally, basename removes the suffix:
SRVS3 := $(basename $(SRVS2))
Demo:
$ cat Makefile
SRVS=Test1.java,test2.c,test3.c,test4.java,test5.c
comma := ,
SRVS1 := $(subst $(comma), ,$(SRVS))
SRVS2 := $(filter %.c,$(SRVS1))
SRVS3 := $(basename $(SRVS2))
all:
$(info SRVS1 = $(SRVS1))
$(info SRVS2 = $(SRVS2))
$(info SRVS3 = $(SRVS3))
$ make -q
SRVS1 = Test1.java test2.c test3.c test4.java test5.c
SRVS2 = test2.c test3.c test5.c
SRVS3 = test2 test3 test5
Or, all at once:
$ cat Makefile
TAGS := $(basename $(filter %.c,$(subst $(comma), ,$(SRVS))))
all:
$(info TAGS = $(TAGS))
$ make -q
TAGS = test2 test3 test5
How can I list the current value of all variables (also called macros) in a Makefile when running make?
E.g. if this is in the Makefile:
CUR-DIR := $(shell /bin/pwd)
LOG-DIR := $(CUR-DIR)/make-logs
Then I would like it to tell me:
CUR-DIR = /home/johv/src/test
LOG-DIR = /home/johv/src/test/make-logs
GNU make provides .VARIABLES
which holds all global variables' names.
However, this includes built-in variables(like MAKEFLAGS).
If you have to exclude built-in variables, some filtering like the following
might be needed.
The following makefile prints user-defined variables(CUR-DIR, LOG-DIR)
using info:
# Place this line at the top of your Makefile
VARS_OLD := $(.VARIABLES)
# Define your variables
CUR-DIR := $(shell pwd)
LOG-DIR := $(CUR-DIR)/make-logs
# Put this at the point where you want to see the variable values
$(foreach v, \
$(filter-out $(VARS_OLD) VARS_OLD,$(.VARIABLES)), \
$(info $(v) = $($(v))))
Thanks to #Ise Wisteria, condensed down, this shows all variables, useful for large projects with multiple makefiles (Buildroot).
$(foreach v, $(.VARIABLES), $(info $(v) = $($(v))))
output: BR2_GCC_TARGET_TUNE = "cortex-a8" ...
If you get an error like: insufficient number of arguments (1) to function 'addprefix' this project had some broken variables... I trimmed the list of variables to show, only with a prefix BR2_
$(foreach v, $(filter BR2_%,$(.VARIABLES)), $(info $(v) = $($(v))))
I ended up doing it like this:
gmake -pn | grep -A1 "^# makefile"| grep -v "^#\|^--" | sort | uniq > makevars.txt
which gives:
CUR-DIR := /home/johv/src/test
LOG-DIR := /home/johv/src/test/make-logs
MAKEFILE_LIST := Makefile
MAKEFLAGS = pn
SHELL = /bin/sh
VARS_OLD := [...]
gmake -pn is really verbose and looks kinda like this:
# environment
GNOME2_PATH = /usr/local:/opt/gnome:/usr:/usr/local:/opt/gnome:/usr
# automatic
#F = $(notdir $#)
# makefile
SHELL = /bin/sh
# default
RM = rm -f
It's also doable without saving all the .VARIABLES and filtering them out.
Moreover, if one of the original .VARIABLES was modified in your makefile, the two most voted answers won't catch it.
Check out $(origin) function. This target filters out and prints all the variables that were defined in a makefile:
print_file_vars:
$(foreach v, $(.VARIABLES), $(if $(filter file,$(origin $(v))), $(info $(v)=$($(v)))))
I get only a few excess variables this way: CURDIR SHELL MAKEFILE_LIST .DEFAULT_GOAL MAKEFLAGS.
One can replace file with environment or command line to print the respective kinds of variables.
There are a lot of good answers here, but you're going to have problems using $($(v)) if some of your variables are of the recursive flavor. This is why you should use $(value $(v)).
This variation cleans this up a little bit, sorts variables by name and makes the output a bit more readable.
dump:
$(foreach v, \
$(shell echo "$(filter-out .VARIABLES,$(.VARIABLES))" | tr ' ' '\n' | sort), \
$(info $(shell printf "%-20s" "$(v)")= $(value $(v))) \
)
Thanks to #kevinf for the great idea. I would suggest a minor change to prevent .VARIABLE itself from printing out in the variable list:
$(foreach v, $(filter-out .VARIABLES,$(.VARIABLES)), $(info $(v) = $($(v))))
Thanks to #kevinf for the foreach solution -- if one wants to export this list as a somewhat machine-readable file, one will have a hard time with uneven quotes or newlines when using echo or printf, since Make isn't able to quote the data correctly -- one needs to use the $(file ...) function to write the data to avoid sh/bash complaining about invalid syntax. For example, use this in your rule -- it prints variable name, definition and expanded value:
$(file > $(MAKEFILE_ENV_FILE),)
$(foreach v, $(.VARIABLES), \
$(file >> $(MAKEFILE_ENV_FILE),$(v)) \
$(file >> $(MAKEFILE_ENV_FILE), := $(value $(v))) \
$(file >> $(MAKEFILE_ENV_FILE), == $($(v))) \
$(file >> $(MAKEFILE_ENV_FILE),) \
)
(This will still not allow to always distinguish malicious variables with double newlines from two variables, for this one now add a sufficiently unique separator infront of each Makefile-generated newline just after each comma inside $(file >> NAME,TEXT))
Set MAKEFILE_ENV_FILE to some filename, e.g.:
MAKEFILE_ENV_FILE := $(abspath $(lastword $(MAKEFILE_LIST))).env