I'm running a pig script that does a series of joins and write using AvroStorage()
All is running well, and I am getting the data that I want... but it is being written to 845 avro files (~30kb each). This does not seem right at all... but I cannot seem to find any settings that I may have changed to go from my previous output of 1 large avro to 845 small avros (except adding another data source).
Would this change anything? And how can I get it back to one or two files??
Thanks!
A possibility is to change your block size. If you want to go back to less files, you can also try to use parquet. Transform your .avro files through a pig script and store it like a .parquet file this will reduce your 845 to less files.
But it isn't necessary to get back to less files except for a performance advantage.
The number of files written by MR job is defined by the number of reducers ran. You can use PARALLEL in Pig script to control the number of reducers.
If you are sure that the final data is small enough (comparable to your block size), you can add PARALLEL 1 to your JOIN statement to make sure that JOIN is translated to 1 reducers and thus writes output in only 1 file.
I solved that using SET pig.maxCombinedSplitSize 134217728;
with SET default_parallel 10; it may still output many small files depending on the PIG job.
Related
I am trying to understand how exactly the ALTER TABLE CONCATENATE in HIVE Works.
I saw this link How does Hive 'alter table <table name> concatenate' work? but all I got from this links is that for ORC Files, the merge happens at a stripe level.
I am looking for a detailed explanation of how CONCATENATE works. As an e.g I initially had 500 small ORC Files in the HDFS. I ran the Hive ALTER TABLE CONCATENATE and the files merged to 27 bigger files. Subsequent runs of CONCATENATE reduced the number of files to 16 and finally I ended up in two large files.( used version Hive 0.12 ) So I wanted to understand
How exactly CONCATENATE works? Does it looks at the existing number of files , as well as the size ? How will it determine the no: of output ORC files after concatenation?
Is there any known issues with using the Concatenate ? We are planning to run the concatenate one a day in the maintenance window
Is Using CTAS an alternative to concatenate and which is better? Note that my requirement is to reduce the no of ORC files (ingested through Nifi) without compromising performance of Read
Any help is appreciated and thanks in advance
Concatenated file size can be controlled with following two values:
set mapreduce.input.fileinputformat.split.minsize=268435456;
set hive.exec.orc.default.block.size=268435456;
These values should be set based on your HDFS/MapR-FS block size.
As commented by #leftjoin it is indeed the case that you can get different output files for the same underlying data.
This is discussed more in the linked HCC thread but the key point is:
Concatenation depends on which files are chosen first.
Note that having files of different sizes, should not be a problem in normal situations.
If you want to streamline your process, then depending on how big your data is, you may also want to batch it a bit before writing to HDFS. For instance, by setting the batch size in NiFi.
I am trying to combine small files on hdfs. This is simply for historical purposes, if needed the large file(s) would be disassembled and ran through the process to create the data for the hadoop table. Is there a way to achieve this simply? For example, day one receive 100 small files, combine into a file, then day two add/append more files into the previously created file, etc...
If the files are all the same "schema", let's say, like CSV or JSON. Then, you're welcome to write a very basic Pig / Spark job to read a whole folder of tiny files, then write it back out somewhere else, which will very likely merge all the files into larger sizes based on the HDFS block size.
You've also mentioned Hive, so use an external table for the small files, and use a CTAS query to create a separate table, thereby creating a MapReduce job, much the same as Pig would do.
IMO, if possible, the optimal solution is to setup a system "upstream" of Hadoop, which will batch your smaller files into larger files, and then dump them out to HDFS. Apache NiFi is a useful tool for this purpose.
I will be having multiple small text files around size of 10KB, got confused where to store those files in HBase or in HDFS. what will be the optimized storage?
Because to store in HBase I need to parse it first then save it against some row key.
In HDFS I can directly create a path and save that file at that location.
But till now whatever I read, it says you should not have multiple small files instead create less big files.
But I can not merge those files, so I can't create big file out of small files.
Kindly suggest.
A large number of small files don´t fit very well with hadoop since each file is a hdfs block and each block require a one Mapper to be processed by default.
There are several options/strategies to minimize the impact of small files, all options require to process at least one time small files and "package" them in a better format. If you are planning to read these files several times, pre-process small files could make sense, but if you will use those files just one time then it doesn´t matter.
To process small files my sugesstion is to use CombineTextInputFormat (here an example): https://github.com/lalosam/HadoopInExamples/blob/master/src/main/java/rojosam/hadoop/CombinedInputWordCount/DriverCIPWC.java
CombineTextInputFormat use one Mapper to process several files but could require to transfer the files to a different DataNode to put files together in the DAtaNode where the map is running and could have a bad performance with speculative tasks but you can disable them if your cluster is enough stable.
Alternative to repackage small files are:
Create sequence files where each record contains one of the small files. With this option you will keep the original files.
Use IdentityMapper and IdentityReducer where the number of reducers are less than the number of files. This is the most easy approach but require that each line in the files be equals and independents (Not headers or metadata at the beginning of the files required to understand the rest of the file).
Create a external table in hive and then insert all the records for this table into a new table (INSERT INTO . . . SELECT FROM . . .). This approach have the same limitations than the option two and require to use Hive, the adventage is that you don´t require to write a MapReduce.
If you can not merge files like in option 2 or 3, my suggestion is to go with option 1
You could try using HAR archives: https://hadoop.apache.org/docs/r2.7.2/hadoop-archives/HadoopArchives.html
It's no problem with having many small different files. If for example you have a table in Hive with many very small files in hdfs, it's not optimal, better to merge these files into less big ones because when reading this table a lot of mappers will be created. If your files are completely different like 'apples' and 'employees' and can not be merged than just store them as is.
Is it possible to have Pig process several small files with one mapper (assuming doing so will improve the speed of the job). We have an issue where there are thousands of small files in hdfs and pig creates hundreds of mappers. Is there a simple (full or partial) solution that Pig provides to address this issue?
You can make use of these properties to combine these multiple files into one file, so that they are processed by a single map :
pig.maxCombinedSplitSize – Specifies the size, in bytes, of data to be processed by a single map. Smaller files are combined untill this size is reached.
pig.splitCombination – Turns combine split files on or off (set to “true” by default).
This feature works with PigStorage without having to write any custom loader. More on this can be found here.
HTH
A common approach in Hadoop with a large number of small files is to aggregate them into large Sequence or Avro files and than use respective storage functions to read them.
For Pig and Avro take a look at AvroStorage
Imagine you have a big file stored in hdtf which contains structured data. Now the goal is to process only a portion of data in the file like all the lines in the file where second column value is between so and so. Is it possible to launch the MR job such that hdfs only stream the relevant portion of the file versus streaming everything to the mappers.
The reason is that I want to expedite the job speed by only working on the portion that I need. Probably one approach is to run a MR job to get create a new file but I am wondering if one can avoid that?
Please note that the goal is to keep the data in HDFS and I do not want to read and write from database.
HDFS stores files as a bunch of bytes in blocks, and there is no indexing, and therefore no way to only read in a portion of your file (at least at the time of this writing). Furthermore, any given mapper may get the first block of the file or the 400th, and you don't get control over that.
That said, the whole point of MapReduce is to distribute the load over many machines. In our cluster, we run up to 28 mappers at a time (7 per node on 4 nodes), so if my input file is 1TB, each map slot may only end up reading 3% of the total file, or about 30GB. You just perform the filter that you want in the mapper, and only process the rows you are interested in.
If you really need filtered access, you might want to look at storing your data in HBase. It can act as a native source for MapReduce jobs, provides filtered reads, and stores its data on HDFS, so you are still in the distributed world.
One answer is looking at the way that hive solves this problem. The data is in "tables" which are really just meta data about files on disk. Hive allows you to set columns on which a table is partitioned. This creates a separate folder for each partition so if you were partitioning a file by date you would have:
/mytable/2011-12-01
/mytable/2011-12-02
Inside of the date directory would be you actual files. So if you then ran a query like:
SELECT * FROM mytable WHERE dt ='2011-12-01'
Only files in /mytable/2011-12-01 would be fed into the job.
Tho bottom line is that if you want functionality like this you either want to move to a higher level language (hive/pig) or you need to roll your own solutions.
Big part of the processing cost - is data parsing to produce Key-Values to the Mapper. We create there (usually) one java object per value + some container. It is costly both in terms of CPU and garbage collector pressure
I would suggest the solution "in the middle". You can write input format which will read the input stream and skip non-relevant data in the early stage (for example by looking into few first bytes of the string). As a result you will read all data, but actually parse and pass to the Mapper - only portion of it.
Another approach I would consider - is to use RCFile format (or other columnar format), and take care that relevant and non relevant data will sit in the different columns.
If the files that you want to process have some unique attribute about their filename (like extension or partial filename match), you can also use the setInputPathFilter method of FileInputFormat to ignore all but the ones you want for your MR job. Hadoop by default ignores all ".xxx" and _xxx" files/dirs, but you can extend with setInputPathFilter.
As others have noted above, you will likely get sub-optimal performance out of your cluster doing something like this which breaks the "one block per mapper" paradigm, but sometimes this is acceptable. Can sometimes take more to "do it right", esp if you're dealing with a small amount of data & the time to re-architect and/or re-dump into HBase would eclipse the extra time required to run your job sub-optimally.