CDI has the feature of Specialization, and I'm looking for that in the Spring world.
Details.
In CDI, the #Specializes annotation allows one to change the behaviour of a bean just by overriding it. This is completely transparent to users of that bean, e.g. if we'd have
public class OneBean {
public String whoAmI() { return "OneBean"; }
}
#Specializes
public class AnotherBean extends OneBean {
#Override
public String whoAmI() { return "AnotherBean"; }
}
we could
public class SomewhereElse {
#Inject
OneBean oneBean; // we know nothing of AnotherBean here!
public void guessWhosThere() {
return oneBean.whoAmI(); // yet it returns "AnotherBean"
}
}
This gets really useful as soon as OneBean is actually used with and without AnotherBean. For example, if OneBean is in one.jar and AnotherBean is in another.jar, we can change the bean's behaviour just by reconfiguring the classpath.
Question. Does something like Specialization also exist in Spring?
I could only find the #Primary annotation, which however has a different semantics: #Primary does not replace one bean, but only marks one of multiple alternatives as the primary one. Especially, as I understood, I could not build a deep inheritance hierarchy as it's possible with #Specializes.
Short answer
In Spring 4, this is not possible. Period. Still, in 2016, nothing like this is possible with Spring's obsolete dependency injection model.
Seems like there is no similar annotation in spring, but you can achive it via #Qualifier.
Beans:
#Resource("oneBean")
public class OneBean {
public String whoAmI() { return "OneBean"; }
}
#Resource("anotherBean")
public class AnotherBean extends OneBean {
#Override
public String whoAmI() { return "AnotherBean"; }
}
SomewhereElse:
public class SomewhereElse {
#Autowired
#Qualifier("anotherBean")
OneBean oneBean;
public void guessWhosThere() {
return oneBean.whoAmI(); // returns "AnotherBean"
}
}
Edited.
Also you can develop your own annotation and use it in BeanPostProcessor, look at spring docs here
OR even better to use CustomAutowireConfigurer, see here
With Spring boot, you could probably get a similar result by leveraging its auto-configure mechanism, e.g. with a bean condition such as #ConditionalOnMissingBean:
public class OneBean {
public String whoAmI() { return "OneBean"; }
}
#Configuration
public class OneConfiguration {
#Bean
#ConditionalOnMissingBean
public OneBean getBean() { return new OneBean(); }
}
#Component
public class AnotherBean extends OneBean {
#Override
public String whoAmI() { return "AnotherBean"; }
}
However, you would have to make sure that all configurations are built accordingly if you don't know for sure which ones will be specialized:
public class OneBean {
public String whoAmI() { return "OneBean"; }
}
public class AnotherBean extends OneBean {
#Override
public String whoAmI() { return "AnotherBean"; }
}
public class YetAnotherBean extends AnotherBean {
#Override
public String whoAmI() { return "YetAnotherBean"; }
}
#Configuration
public class OneConfiguration {
#Bean
#ConditionalOnMissingBean
public OneBean getBean() { return new OneBean(); }
}
#Configuration
public class AnotherConfiguration {
#Bean
#ConditionalOnMissingBean
public AnotherBean getBean() { return new AnotherBean(); }
}
#Configuration
public class YetAnotherConfiguration {
#Bean
#ConditionalOnMissingBean
public YetAnotherBean getBean() { return new YetAnotherBean(); }
}
// and so on...
Related
In normal Spring, when we want to autowire an interface, we define it's implementation in Spring context file.
What about Spring boot?
how can we achieve this?
currently we only autowire classes that are not interfaces.
Another part of this question is about using a class in a Junit class inside a Spring boot project.
If we want to use a CalendarUtil for example, if we autowire CalendarUtil, it will throw a null pointer exception. What can we do in this case? I just initialized using "new" for now...
Use #Qualifier annotation is used to differentiate beans of the same interface
Take look at Spring Boot documentation
Also, to inject all beans of the same interface, just autowire List of interface
(The same way in Spring / Spring Boot / SpringBootTest)
Example below:
#SpringBootApplication
public class DemoApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args);
}
public interface MyService {
void doWork();
}
#Service
#Qualifier("firstService")
public static class FirstServiceImpl implements MyService {
#Override
public void doWork() {
System.out.println("firstService work");
}
}
#Service
#Qualifier("secondService")
public static class SecondServiceImpl implements MyService {
#Override
public void doWork() {
System.out.println("secondService work");
}
}
#Component
public static class FirstManager {
private final MyService myService;
#Autowired // inject FirstServiceImpl
public FirstManager(#Qualifier("firstService") MyService myService) {
this.myService = myService;
}
#PostConstruct
public void startWork() {
System.out.println("firstManager start work");
myService.doWork();
}
}
#Component
public static class SecondManager {
private final List<MyService> myServices;
#Autowired // inject MyService all implementations
public SecondManager(List<MyService> myServices) {
this.myServices = myServices;
}
#PostConstruct
public void startWork() {
System.out.println("secondManager start work");
myServices.forEach(MyService::doWork);
}
}
}
For the second part of your question, take look at this useful answers first / second
You can also make it work by giving it the name of the implementation.
Eg:
#Autowired
MyService firstService;
#Autowired
MyService secondService;
Assume that you have a GreetingService
public interface GreetingService {
void doGreetings();
}
And you have 2 implementations HelloService
#Service
#Slf4j
public class HelloService implements GreetingService{
#Override
public void doGreetings() {
log.info("Hello world!");
}
}
and HiService
#Slf4j
#Service
public class HiService implements GreetingService{
#Override
public void doGreetings() {
log.info("Hi world!");
}
}
Then you have another interface, which is BusinessService to call some business
public interface BusinessService {
void doGreetings();
}
There are some ways to do that
#1. Use #Autowired
#Component
public class BusinessServiceImpl implements BusinessService{
#Autowired
private GreetingService hiService; // Spring automatically maps the name for you, if you don't want to change it.
#Autowired
private GreetingService helloService;
#Override
public void doGreetings() {
hiService.doGreetings();
helloService.doGreetings();
}
}
In case you need to change your implementation bean name, refer to other answers, by setting the name to your bean, for example #Service("myCustomName") and applying #Qualifier("myCustomName")
#2. You can also use constructor injection
#Component
public class BusinessServiceImpl implements BusinessService {
private final GreetingService hiService;
private final GreetingService helloService;
public BusinessServiceImpl(GreetingService hiService, GreetingService helloService) {
this.hiService = hiService;
this.helloService = helloService;
}
#Override
public void doGreetings() {
hiService.doGreetings();
helloService.doGreetings();
}
}
This can be
public BusinessServiceImpl(#Qualifier("hiService") GreetingService hiService, #Qualifier("helloService") GreetingService helloService)
But I am using Spring Boot 2.6.5 and
public BusinessServiceImpl(GreetingService hiService, GreetingService helloService)
is working fine, since Spring automatically get the names for us.
#3. You can also use Map for this
#Component
#RequiredArgsConstructor
public class BusinessServiceImpl implements BusinessService {
private final Map<String, GreetingService> servicesMap; // Spring automatically get the bean name as key
#Override
public void doGreetings() {
servicesMap.get("hiService").doGreetings();
servicesMap.get("helloService").doGreetings();
}
}
List also works fine if you run all the services. But there is a case that you want to get some specific implementation, you need to define a name for it or something like that. My reference is here
For this one, I use #RequiredArgsConstructor from Lombok.
As mentioned in the comments, by using the #Qualifier annotation, you can distinguish different implementations as described in the docs.
For testing, you can use also do the same. For example:
#RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
#SpringBootTest
public class MyClassTests {
#Autowired
private MyClass testClass;
#MockBean
#Qualifier("default")
private MyImplementation defaultImpl;
#Test
public void givenMultipleImpl_whenAutowiring_thenReturnDefaultImpl() {
// your test here....
}
}
There are 2 approaches when we have autowiring of an interface with multiple implementations:
Spring #Primary annotation
In short it tells to our Spring application whenever we try to autowire our interface to use that specific implementation which is marked with the #Primary annotation. It is like a default autowiring setting. It can be used only once per cluster of implementations of an interface. → #Primary Docs
Spring #Qualifier annotation
This Spring annotation is giving us more control to select the exact implementation wherever we define a reference to our interface choosing among its options. → #Qualifier Docs
For more details follow the links to their documentation.
public interface SomeInterfaces {
void send(String message);
String getType();
}
kafka-service
#Component
public class SomeInterfacesKafkaImpl implements SomeInterfaces {
private final String type = "kafka";
#Override
public void send(String message) {
System.out.println(message + "through Kafka");
}
#Override
public String getType() {
return this.type;
}
}
redis-service
#Component
public class SomeInterfacesRedisImpl implements SomeInterfaces {
private final String type = "redis";
#Override
public void send(String message) {
System.out.println(message + "through Redis");
}
#Override
public String getType() {
return this.type;
}
}
master
#Component
public class SomeInterfacesMaster {
private final Set<SomeInterfaces> someInterfaces;
public SomeInterfacesMaster(Set<SomeInterfaces> someInterfaces) {
this.someInterfaces = someInterfaces;
}
public void sendMaster(String type){
Optional<SomeInterfaces> service =
someInterfaces
.stream()
.filter(service ->
service.getType().equals(type)
)
.findFirst();
SomeInterfaces someService =
service
.orElseThrow(() -> new RuntimeException("There is not such way for sending messages."));
someService .send(" Hello. It is a letter to ....");
}
}
test
#SpringBootTest
public class MultiImplementation {
}
#TestInstance(TestInstance.Lifecycle.PER_CLASS)
class SomeInterfacesMasterTest extends MultiImplementation {
#Autowired
private SomeInterfacesMaster someInterfacesMaster;
#Test
void sendMaster() {
someInterfacesMaster.sendMaster("kafka");
}
}
Thus, according to the Open/Closed principle, we only need to add an implementation without breaking existing code.
#Component
public class SomeInterfacesRabbitImpl implements SomeInterfaces {
private final String type = "rabbit";
#Override
public void send(String message) {
System.out.println(message + "through Rabbit");
}
#Override
public String getType() {
return this.type;
}
}
test-v2
#TestInstance(TestInstance.Lifecycle.PER_CLASS)
class SomeInterfacesMasterTestV2 extends MultiImplementation {
#Autowired
private SomeInterfacesMaster someInterfacesMaster;
#Test
void sendMasterV2() {
someInterfacesMaster.sendMaster("rabbit");
}
}
If we have multiple implementations of the same interface, Spring needs to know which one it should be autowired into a class. Here is a simple example of validator for mobile number and email address of Employee:-
Employee Class:
public class Employee {
private String mobileNumber;
private String emailAddress;
...
/** Getters & Setters omitted **/
}
Interface EmployeeValidator:
public interface EmployeeValidator {
public Employee validate(Employee employee);
}
First implementation class for Mobile Number Validator:
#Component(value="EmployeeMobileValidator")
public class EmployeeMobileValidator implements EmployeeValidator {
#Override
public Employee validate(Employee employee) {
//Mobile number Validation logic goes here.
}
}
Second implementation class for Email address Validator:
#Component(value="EmployeeEmailValidator")
public class EmployeeEmailValidator implements EmployeeValidator {
#Override
public Employee validate(Employee employee) {
//Email address validation logic goes here.
}
}
We can now autowired these above validators individually into a class.
Employee Service Interface:
public interface EmployeeService {
public void handleEmployee(Employee employee);
}
Employee Service Implementation Class
#Service
public class EmployeeServiceImpl implements EmployeeService {
/** Autowire validators individually **/
#Autowired
#Qualifier("EmployeeMobileValidator") // Autowired using qualifier for mobile validator
private EmployeeValidator mobileValidator;
#Autowired
#Qualifier("EmployeeEmailValidator") // Autowired using qualifier for email valodator
private EmployeeValidator emailValidator;
#Override
public void handleEmployee(Employee employee) {
/**You can use just one instance if you need**/
employee = mobileValidator.validate(employee);
}
}
I've implemented a starter that configures Swagger the way I like. In addition, I'd like to redirect every call to the app's root URL (e.g. localhost:8080) to /swagger-ui.html.
Therefore, I added an own AbstractEndpoint which is instantiated in the #Configuration class as follows:
#Configuration
#Profile("swagger")
#EnableSwagger2
public class SwaggerConfig {
...
#Bean
public RootEndpoint rootEndpoint() {
return new RootEndpoint();
}
#Bean
#ConditionalOnBean(RootEndpoint.class)
#ConditionalOnEnabledEndpoint("root")
public RootMvcEndpoint rootMvcEndpoint(RootEndpoint rootEndpoint) {
return new RootMvcEndpoint(rootEndpoint);
}
}
The respective classes look like this:
public class RootEndpoint extends AbstractEndpoint<String> {
public RootEndpoint() {
super("root");
}
#Override
public String invoke() {
return ""; // real calls shall be handled by RootMvcEndpoint
}
}
and
public class RootMvcEndpoint extends EndpointMvcAdapter {
public RootMvcEndpoint(RootEndpoint delegate) {
super(delegate);
}
#RequestMapping(method = {RequestMethod.GET}, produces = { "*/*" })
public void redirect(HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse) throws IOException {
httpServletResponse.sendRedirect("/swagger-ui.html");
}
}
As stated in public RootEndpoint(), the custom Endpoint is bound to /root. Unfortunately, I can't specify super(""); or super("/"); as those values throw an exception (Id must only contains letters, numbers and '_').
How can I achieve having a custom Endpoint listening to the root URL in a starter using #Configuration files to instantiate beans?
I solved it with an easier approach by adding a WebMvcConfigurerAdapter bean in the #Configuration:
#Bean
public WebMvcConfigurerAdapter redirectToSwagger() {
return new WebMvcConfigurerAdapter() {
#Override
public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
registry.addViewController("").setViewName("redirect:/swagger-ui.html");
}
};
}
Assume I am creating a PrinterService class that has a AbstractPrinter object. AbstractPrinter is subclassed by classes such as HPPrinter, FilePrinter etc.
The exact kind of printer object to be used is mentioned in the RequestParam object passed to my Controller (it is a request attribute).
Is there any way I can inject the right kind of concrete printer class using Spring?
All the other dependencies are injected using #Autowired annotation. How to inject this one?
You can create and load a factory of AbstractPrinter objects during container startup as shown below and dynamically call the respective the AbstractPrinter's print() (or your own method) based on the input parameter (comes from controller) to the service.
In the below code for PrinterServiceImpl class, the main point is that all of the List<AbstractPrinter> will be injected by Spring container (depends upon how many implementation classes you provide like HPPrinter, etc..). Then you will load those beans into a Map during container startup with printerType as key.
#Controller
public class YourController {
#Autowired
private PrinterService printerService;
public X myMethod(#RequestParam("input") String input) {
printerService.myServiceMethod(input);
//return X
}
}
PrinterServiceImpl class:
public class PrinterServiceImpl implements PrinterService {
#Autowired
private List<AbstractPrinter> abstractPrinters;
private static final Map<String,AbstractPrinter> myPrinters = new HashMap<>();
#PostConstruct
public void loadPrinters() {
for(AbstractPrinter printer : abstractPrinters) {
myPrinters.put(printer.getPrinterType(), printer);
}
}
//Add your other Autowired dependencies here
#Override
public void myServiceMethod(String input){//get input from controller
AbstractPrinter abstractPrinter= myPrinters.get(input);
abstractPrinter.print();//dynamically calls print() depending on input
}
}
HPPrinter class:
#Component
public class HPPrinter implements AbstractPrinter {
#Override
public String getPrinterType() {
return "HP";
}
#Override
public void print() {
// Your print code
}
}
FilePrinter class:
#Component
public class FilePrinter implements AbstractPrinter {
#Override
public String getPrinterType() {
return "FILE";
}
#Override
public void print() {
// Your print code
}
}
You could create a dedicated PrinterService instance per AbstractPrinter concrete class. For example you could achieve this using Spring configuration which follow the factory pattern:
#Configuration
public class PrinterServiceConfiguration {
#Autowired
private HPPrinter hpPrinter;
#Autowired
private FilePrinter filePrinter;
#Bean
public PrinterService hpPrinterService() {
return new PrinterService(hpPrinter);
}
#Bean
public PrinterService filePrinterService() {
return new PrinterService(filePrinter);
}
public PrinterService findPrinterService(PrinterType type){
if (type == HP)
return hpPrinterService();
....
}
}
Then in your controller, inject PrinterServiceConfiguration then call findPrinterService with the right printer type.
Don't forget to add PrinterServiceConfiguration at your configuration #Import.
If the list of printer is dynamic you could switch to prototype bean :
#Configuration
public class PrinterServiceConfiguration {
#Autowired
private List<AbstractPrinter> printers;
#Bean
#Scope(ConfigurableBeanFactory.SCOPE_PROTOTYPE)
public PrinterService createPrinterService(PrinterType type){
return new PrinterService(findPrinterByType(type));
}
private Printer findPrinterByType(PrinterType type) {
// iterate over printers then return the printer that match type
// throw exception if no printer found
}
}
Sorry: Google Traductor (english basic)
Interface implemented by aspect:
public interface MinReader {
void interceptThoughts();
}
MinReader class that implements the interface, which contains the "Aspect"
#Aspect
public class Magician implements MinReader {
#Pointcut("within(paquetea.paqueteb.*)")
public void thinking() {
}
#Override
#Before("thinking()")
public void interceptThoughts() {
// Codigo
}
}
This is a part of my JavaConfig:
#Configuration
#EnableAspectJAutoProxy
public class SpringIdolConfig {
#Bean
public MinReader magician() {
return new Magician();
}
// Otros bean
}
the problem is that the "interceptThoughts" method is never invoked.
My "solution" is to change the return type of method "magician" in my JavaConfig:
"MinReader" -> "Magician"
#Bean
public Magician magician() {
return new Magician();
}
Why is that?
Is there any way to use "MinReader" instead of "Magician"?
UPDATE: these are the other beans:
package paquetea.paqueteb;
public interface Thinker {
void thinkOfSomething(String thoughts);
}
package paquetea.paqueteb;
public class Volunteer implements Thinker {
#Override
public void thinkOfSomething(String thoughts) {
//code
}
}
This is my full javaconfig:
#Configuration
#EnableAspectJAutoProxy
public class SpringIdolConfig {
#Bean
public MinReader magician() {
return new Magician();
}
#Bean
public Thinker volunteer() {
return new Volunteer();
}
}
I'm guessing a bit, but I think one of your problems is that you've got the pointcut expression wrong. If I've read the examples in here right, you should use:
#Pointcut("within(paquetea.paqueteb..*)")
Note the ..*, and not the .* that you had. I find that when I get pointcuts wrong, they can be very difficult to debug, as their normal way of failing is to just silently not attach to anything. (My preferred technique is to attach to methods annotated with a custom annotation; that makes it easy to control what's happening and easy to debug.)
While overrding a Javaconfig Bean by extending the original #Configuration class, I would like to add a #DependsOn for the new Bean definition.
However, this depends-on seems not to be taken in account. here is a TestCase reproducing my issues:
public class SpringTest {
#Test
public void testDependsOnTakenInAccount() {
AnnotationConfigApplicationContext ctx2 = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(AConfig.class, CConfig.class);
Assert.assertEquals("overriden", ctx2.getBean("bean"));
}
#Configuration
public static class AConfig {
#Bean
public Object bean() {
return "not overriden";
}
}
#Configuration
public static class CConfig extends AConfig {
protected boolean isInitialized = false;
#Bean
public Void doInit() {
isInitialized = true;
return null;
}
#Bean
#DependsOn("doInit")
public Object bean() {
if (!isInitialized) {
throw new RuntimeException("Not initialized");
}
return "overriden";
}
}
}
Is this an expected behavior? If yes, how can I add dependency while overriding a bean?
For me seems like a bug.
When overriding a #Bean factory method in a Configuration class, the parent BeanDefinition wins and get registered on the BeanFactory overriding the child one.
So you cannot configure the bean with annotaions (because it will be overriden).
The following Test result on
expected:<[doInit]> but was:<[otherBean]>
#RunWith(JUnit4ClassRunner.class)
public class DependOnTest {
#Test
public void testBeanDefinitionOverriding() {
AnnotationConfigApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(Config.class);
BeanDefinition bd = ctx.getBeanDefinition("bean");
Assert.assertEquals("doInit", bd.getDependsOn()[0]);
}
#Configuration
public static class ParentConfig {
#Bean
#DependsOn("otherBean")
public String bean() {
return "not overriden";
}
#Bean
public String otherBean() {
return "otherBean";
}
}
#Configuration
public static class Config extends ParentConfig {
#Bean
public String doInit() {
return "doInit";
}
#Bean
#DependsOn("doInit")
public String bean() {
return "overriding";
}
}
}
I think that problem start on ConfigurationClassParser:
// recursively process the configuration class and its superclass hierarchy
do {
metadata = doProcessConfigurationClass(configClass, metadata);
}
while (metadata != null);
That result on overriden method added to CongurationClass.beanMethods
It could be fixed checking if the beanMethod was already added from a superclass in ConfigurationClass.addBeanMethod()
public void addBeanMethod(BeanMethod method) {
// Check if already added a bean method from superclass
for (BeanMethod beanMethod : beanMethods) {
if (beanMethod.getMetadata().getMethodName().equals(method.getMetadata().getMethodName()) &&
!(beanMethod.getMetadata().getDeclaringClassName()).equals(method.getMetadata().getDeclaringClassName()))
// log and return.
return;
}
this.beanMethods.add(method);
}
As pointed out by Jose Luis Martin, this has been confirmed as a bug by Spring team.
I've workarounded it with:
#DependsOn("doInit")
#Bean
public Void notOverridingBean() {
return null;
}
#Bean
public Object bean(Object notOverridingBean) {
return "overriden";
}
an alternative is to override the bean in another #Configuration class.