Concurrent writing to a file - go

Question

In go, how can I control the concurrent writing to a text file?
I ask this because I will have multiple goroutines writing to a text file using the same file handler.
I wrote this bit of code to try and see what happens but I'm not sure if I did it "right":
package main
import (
"os"
"sync"
"fmt"
"time"
"math/rand"
"math"
)
func WriteToFile( i int, f *os.File, w *sync.WaitGroup ){
//sleep for either 200 or 201 milliseconds
randSleep := int( math.Floor( 200 + ( 2 * rand.Float64() ) ) )
fmt.Printf( "Thread %d waiting %d\n", i, randSleep )
time.Sleep( time.Duration(randSleep) * time.Millisecond )
//write to the file
fmt.Fprintf( f, "Printing out: %d\n", i )
//write to stdout
fmt.Printf( "Printing out: %d\n", i )
w.Done()
}
func main() {
rand.Seed( time.Now().UnixNano() )
d, err := os.Getwd()
if err != nil {
fmt.Println( err )
}
filename := d + "/log.txt"
f, err := os.OpenFile( filename, os.O_CREATE | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC, 0666 )
if err != nil {
fmt.Println( err )
}
var w *sync.WaitGroup = new(sync.WaitGroup)
w.Add( 10 )
//start 10 writers to the file
for i:=1; i <= 10; i++ {
go WriteToFile( i, f, w )
}
//wait for writers to finish
w.Wait()
}
I half expected that the output would show something like this in the file instead of the coherent output I got:
Printing Printing out: 2
out: 5
Poriuntitng: 6
Essentially, I expected the characters to come out incoherently and interweaved due to a lack of synchronization. Did I not write code that would coax this behavior out? Or is some mechanism during calls to fmt.Fprintf synchronizing the writing?

Answer 1

A simple approach to controlling concurrent access is via a service goroutine, receiving messages from a channel. This goroutine would have sole access to the file. Access would therefore be sequential, without any race problems.
Channels do a good job of interleaving requests. The clients write to the channel instead of directly to the file. Messages on the channel are automatically interleaved for you.
The benefit of this approach over simply using a Mutex is that you start viewing your program as a collection of microservices. This is the CSP way and leads to easy composition of large systems from smaller components.

Answer 2

There are many ways to control concurrent access. The easiest is to use a Mutex:
var mu sync.Mutex
func WriteToFile( i int, f *os.File, w *sync.WaitGroup ){
mu.Lock()
defer mu.Unlock()
// etc...
}
As to why you're not seeing problems, Go uses operating system calls to implement file access, and those system calls are thread safe (emphasis added):
According to POSIX.1-2008/SUSv4 Section XSI 2.9.7 ("Thread Interactions with Regular File Operations"):
All of the following functions shall be atomic with respect to
each other in the effects specified in POSIX.1-2008 when they
operate on regular files or symbolic links: ...
Among the APIs subsequently listed are write() and writev(2). And
among the effects that should be atomic across threads (and
processes) are updates of the file offset. However, on Linux before
version 3.14, this was not the case: if two processes that share an
open file description (see open(2)) perform a write() (or writev(2))
at the same time, then the I/O operations were not atomic with
respect updating the file offset, with the result that the blocks of
data output by the two processes might (incorrectly) overlap. This
problem was fixed in Linux 3.14.
I would still use a lock though, since Go code is not automatically thread safe. (two goroutines modifying the same variable will result in strange behavior)