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Just wondering if any of you people use Count(1) over Count(*) and if there is a noticeable difference in performance or if this is just a legacy habit that has been brought forward from days gone past?
The specific database is SQL Server 2005.
There is no difference.
Reason:
Books on-line says "COUNT ( { [ [ ALL | DISTINCT ] expression ] | * } )"
"1" is a non-null expression: so it's the same as COUNT(*).
The optimizer recognizes it for what it is: trivial.
The same as EXISTS (SELECT * ... or EXISTS (SELECT 1 ...
Example:
SELECT COUNT(1) FROM dbo.tab800krows
SELECT COUNT(1),FKID FROM dbo.tab800krows GROUP BY FKID
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM dbo.tab800krows
SELECT COUNT(*),FKID FROM dbo.tab800krows GROUP BY FKID
Same IO, same plan, the works
Edit, Aug 2011
Similar question on DBA.SE.
Edit, Dec 2011
COUNT(*) is mentioned specifically in ANSI-92 (look for "Scalar expressions 125")
Case:
a) If COUNT(*) is specified, then the result is the cardinality of T.
That is, the ANSI standard recognizes it as bleeding obvious what you mean. COUNT(1) has been optimized out by RDBMS vendors because of this superstition. Otherwise it would be evaluated as per ANSI
b) Otherwise, let TX be the single-column table that is the
result of applying the <value expression> to each row of T
and eliminating null values. If one or more null values are
eliminated, then a completion condition is raised: warning-
In SQL Server, these statements yield the same plans.
Contrary to the popular opinion, in Oracle they do too.
SYS_GUID() in Oracle is quite computation intensive function.
In my test database, t_even is a table with 1,000,000 rows
This query:
SELECT COUNT(SYS_GUID())
FROM t_even
runs for 48 seconds, since the function needs to evaluate each SYS_GUID() returned to make sure it's not a NULL.
However, this query:
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM (
SELECT SYS_GUID()
FROM t_even
)
runs for but 2 seconds, since it doen't even try to evaluate SYS_GUID() (despite * being argument to COUNT(*))
I work on the SQL Server team and I can hopefully clarify a few points in this thread (I had not seen it previously, so I am sorry the engineering team has not done so previously).
First, there is no semantic difference between select count(1) from table vs. select count(*) from table. They return the same results in all cases (and it is a bug if not). As noted in the other answers, select count(column) from table is semantically different and does not always return the same results as count(*).
Second, with respect to performance, there are two aspects that would matter in SQL Server (and SQL Azure): compilation-time work and execution-time work. The Compilation time work is a trivially small amount of extra work in the current implementation. There is an expansion of the * to all columns in some cases followed by a reduction back to 1 column being output due to how some of the internal operations work in binding and optimization. I doubt it would show up in any measurable test, and it would likely get lost in the noise of all the other things that happen under the covers (such as auto-stats, xevent sessions, query store overhead, triggers, etc.). It is maybe a few thousand extra CPU instructions. So, count(1) does a tiny bit less work during compilation (which will usually happen once and the plan is cached across multiple subsequent executions). For execution time, assuming the plans are the same there should be no measurable difference. (One of the earlier examples shows a difference - it is most likely due to other factors on the machine if the plan is the same).
As to how the plan can potentially be different. These are extremely unlikely to happen, but it is potentially possible in the architecture of the current optimizer. SQL Server's optimizer works as a search program (think: computer program playing chess searching through various alternatives for different parts of the query and costing out the alternatives to find the cheapest plan in reasonable time). This search has a few limits on how it operates to keep query compilation finishing in reasonable time. For queries beyond the most trivial, there are phases of the search and they deal with tranches of queries based on how costly the optimizer thinks the query is to potentially execute. There are 3 main search phases, and each phase can run more aggressive(expensive) heuristics trying to find a cheaper plan than any prior solution. Ultimately, there is a decision process at the end of each phase that tries to determine whether it should return the plan it found so far or should it keep searching. This process uses the total time taken so far vs. the estimated cost of the best plan found so far. So, on different machines with different speeds of CPUs it is possible (albeit rare) to get different plans due to timing out in an earlier phase with a plan vs. continuing into the next search phase. There are also a few similar scenarios related to timing out of the last phase and potentially running out of memory on very, very expensive queries that consume all the memory on the machine (not usually a problem on 64-bit but it was a larger concern back on 32-bit servers). Ultimately, if you get a different plan the performance at runtime would differ. I don't think it is remotely likely that the difference in compilation time would EVER lead to any of these conditions happening.
Net-net: Please use whichever of the two you want as none of this matters in any practical form. (There are far, far larger factors that impact performance in SQL beyond this topic, honestly).
I hope this helps. I did write a book chapter about how the optimizer works but I don't know if its appropriate to post it here (as I get tiny royalties from it still I believe). So, instead of posting that I'll post a link to a talk I gave at SQLBits in the UK about how the optimizer works at a high level so you can see the different main phases of the search in a bit more detail if you want to learn about that. Here's the video link: https://sqlbits.com/Sessions/Event6/inside_the_sql_server_query_optimizer
Clearly, COUNT(*) and COUNT(1) will always return the same result. Therefore, if one were slower than the other it would effectively be due to an optimiser bug. Since both forms are used very frequently in queries, it would make no sense for a DBMS to allow such a bug to remain unfixed. Hence you will find that the performance of both forms is (probably) identical in all major SQL DBMSs.
In the SQL-92 Standard, COUNT(*) specifically means "the cardinality of the table expression" (could be a base table, `VIEW, derived table, CTE, etc).
I guess the idea was that COUNT(*) is easy to parse. Using any other expression requires the parser to ensure it doesn't reference any columns (COUNT('a') where a is a literal and COUNT(a) where a is a column can yield different results).
In the same vein, COUNT(*) can be easily picked out by a human coder familiar with the SQL Standards, a useful skill when working with more than one vendor's SQL offering.
Also, in the special case SELECT COUNT(*) FROM MyPersistedTable;, the thinking is the DBMS is likely to hold statistics for the cardinality of the table.
Therefore, because COUNT(1) and COUNT(*) are semantically equivalent, I use COUNT(*).
COUNT(*) and COUNT(1) are same in case of result and performance.
I would expect the optimiser to ensure there is no real difference outside weird edge cases.
As with anything, the only real way to tell is to measure your specific cases.
That said, I've always used COUNT(*).
As this question comes up again and again, here is one more answer. I hope to add something for beginners wondering about "best practice" here.
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM something counts records which is an easy task.
SELECT COUNT(1) FROM something retrieves a 1 per record and than counts the 1s that are not null, which is essentially counting records, only more complicated.
Having said this: Good dbms notice that the second statement will result in the same count as the first statement and re-interprete it accordingly, as not to do unnecessary work. So usually both statements will result in the same execution plan and take the same amount of time.
However from the point of readability you should use the first statement. You want to count records, so count records, not expressions. Use COUNT(expression) only when you want to count non-null occurences of something.
I ran a quick test on SQL Server 2012 on an 8 GB RAM hyper-v box. You can see the results for yourself. I was not running any other windowed application apart from SQL Server Management Studio while running these tests.
My table schema:
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[employee](
[Id] [bigint] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
[Name] [nvarchar](50) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT [PK_employee] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[Id] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
Total number of records in Employee table: 178090131 (~ 178 million rows)
First Query:
Set Statistics Time On
Go
Select Count(*) From Employee
Go
Set Statistics Time Off
Go
Result of First Query:
SQL Server parse and compile time:
CPU time = 0 ms, elapsed time = 35 ms.
(1 row(s) affected)
SQL Server Execution Times:
CPU time = 10766 ms, elapsed time = 70265 ms.
SQL Server parse and compile time:
CPU time = 0 ms, elapsed time = 0 ms.
Second Query:
Set Statistics Time On
Go
Select Count(1) From Employee
Go
Set Statistics Time Off
Go
Result of Second Query:
SQL Server parse and compile time:
CPU time = 14 ms, elapsed time = 14 ms.
(1 row(s) affected)
SQL Server Execution Times:
CPU time = 11031 ms, elapsed time = 70182 ms.
SQL Server parse and compile time:
CPU time = 0 ms, elapsed time = 0 ms.
You can notice there is a difference of 83 (= 70265 - 70182) milliseconds which can easily be attributed to exact system condition at the time queries are run. Also I did a single run, so this difference will become more accurate if I do several runs and do some averaging. If for such a huge data-set the difference is coming less than 100 milliseconds, then we can easily conclude that the two queries do not have any performance difference exhibited by the SQL Server Engine.
Note : RAM hits close to 100% usage in both the runs. I restarted SQL Server service before starting both the runs.
SET STATISTICS TIME ON
select count(1) from MyTable (nolock) -- table containing 1 million records.
SQL Server Execution Times:
CPU time = 31 ms, elapsed time = 36 ms.
select count(*) from MyTable (nolock) -- table containing 1 million records.
SQL Server Execution Times:
CPU time = 46 ms, elapsed time = 37 ms.
I've ran this hundreds of times, clearing cache every time.. The results vary from time to time as server load varies, but almost always count(*) has higher cpu time.
There is an article showing that the COUNT(1) on Oracle is just an alias to COUNT(*), with a proof about that.
I will quote some parts:
There is a part of the database software that is called “The
Optimizer”, which is defined in the official documentation as
“Built-in database software that determines the most efficient way to
execute a SQL statement“.
One of the components of the optimizer is called “the transformer”,
whose role is to determine whether it is advantageous to rewrite the
original SQL statement into a semantically equivalent SQL statement
that could be more efficient.
Would you like to see what the optimizer does when you write a query
using COUNT(1)?
With a user with ALTER SESSION privilege, you can put a tracefile_identifier, enable the optimizer tracing and run the COUNT(1) select, like: SELECT /* test-1 */ COUNT(1) FROM employees;.
After that, you need to localize the trace files, what can be done with SELECT VALUE FROM V$DIAG_INFO WHERE NAME = 'Diag Trace';. Later on the file, you will find:
SELECT COUNT(*) “COUNT(1)” FROM “COURSE”.”EMPLOYEES” “EMPLOYEES”
As you can see, it's just an alias for COUNT(*).
Another important comment: the COUNT(*) was really faster two decades ago on Oracle, before Oracle 7.3:
Count(1) has been rewritten in count(*) since 7.3 because Oracle like
to Auto-tune mythic statements. In earlier Oracle7, oracle had to
evaluate (1) for each row, as a function, before DETERMINISTIC and
NON-DETERMINISTIC exist.
So two decades ago, count(*) was faster
For another databases as Sql Server, it should be researched individually for each one.
I know that this question is specific for SQL Server, but the other questions on SO about the same subject (without mention a specific database) were closed and marked as duplicated from this answer.
In all RDBMS, the two ways of counting are equivalent in terms of what result they produce. Regarding performance, I have not observed any performance difference in SQL Server, but it may be worth pointing out that some RDBMS, e.g. PostgreSQL 11, have less optimal implementations for COUNT(1) as they check for the argument expression's nullability as can be seen in this post.
I've found a 10% performance difference for 1M rows when running:
-- Faster
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
-- 10% slower
SELECT COUNT(1) FROM t;
COUNT(1) is not substantially different from COUNT(*), if at all. As to the question of COUNTing NULLable COLUMNs, this can be straightforward to demo the differences between COUNT(*) and COUNT(<some col>)--
USE tempdb;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID( N'dbo.Blitzen', N'U') IS NOT NULL DROP TABLE dbo.Blitzen;
GO
CREATE TABLE dbo.Blitzen (ID INT NULL, Somelala CHAR(1) NULL);
INSERT dbo.Blitzen SELECT 1, 'A';
INSERT dbo.Blitzen SELECT NULL, NULL;
INSERT dbo.Blitzen SELECT NULL, 'A';
INSERT dbo.Blitzen SELECT 1, NULL;
SELECT COUNT(*), COUNT(1), COUNT(ID), COUNT(Somelala) FROM dbo.Blitzen;
GO
DROP TABLE dbo.Blitzen;
GO
In the following example, will I always get “1, 2”, or is it possible to get “2, 1” and can you tell me where in the documentation you see that guarantee if it exists?
If the answer is yes, it means that without ORDER BY nor ORDER SIBLINGS there is a way to be sure of the result set order in a SELECT statement.
CREATE TYPE temp_row IS OBJECT(x number);
/
CREATE TYPE temp_table IS TABLE OF temp_row;
/
CREATE FUNCTION temp_func
RETURN temp_table PIPELINED
IS
BEGIN
PIPE ROW(temp_row(1));
PIPE ROW(temp_row(2));
END;
/
SELECT * FROM table(temp_func());
Thank you.
I don't think that there's anywhere in the documentation that guarantees the order that data will be returned in.
There's an old Tom Kyte thread from 2003 (so might be out of date) which states that relying on the implicit order would not be advisable, for the same reasons as you would not rely on the order in ordinary SQL.
1st: is the order of rows returned from the table function within a
SQL statement the exact same order in which the entries were "piped"
into the internal collection (so that no order by clause is needed)?
...
Followup May 18, 2003 - 10am UTC:
1) maybe, maybe not, I would not count on it. You should not count
on the order of rows in a result set without having an order by. If
you join or do something more complex then simply "select * from
table( f(x) )", the rows could well come back in some other order.
empirically -- they appear to come back as they are piped. I do not
believe it is documented that this is so.
In fact, collections of type NESTED TABLE are documented to explicitly
not have the ability to preserve order.
To be safe, you should do as you always would in a query, state an explicit ORDER BY, if you want the query results ordered.
Having said that I've taken your function and run 10 million iterations, to check whether the implicit order was ever broken; it wasn't.
SQL> begin
2 for i in 1 .. 10000000 loop
3 for j in ( SELECT a.*, rownum as rnum FROM table(temp_func()) a ) loop
4
5 if j.x <> j.rnum then
6 raise_application_error(-20000,'It broke');
7 end if;
8 end loop;
9 end loop;
10 end;
11 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
This procedural logic works differently to table-based queries. The reason that you cannot rely on orders in a select from a table is that you cannot rely on the order in which the RDBMS will identify rows as part of the required set. This is partly because of execution plans changing, and partly because there are very few situations in which the physical order of rows in a table is predictable.
However here you are selecting from a function that does guarantee the order in which the rows are emitted from the function. In the absence of joins, aggregations, or just about anything else (ie. for a straight "select ... from table(function)") I would be pretty certain that the row order is deterministic.
That advice does not apply where there is a table involved unless there is an explicit order-by, so if you load your pl/sql collection from a query that does not use an order-by then of course the order of rows in the collection is not deterministic.
The AskTom link in accepted answer is broken at this time but I found newer yet very similar question. After some "misunderstanding ping-pong", Connor McDonald finally admits the ordering is stable under certain conditions involving parallelism and ref cursors and related only to current releases. Citation:
Parallelism is the (potential) risk here.
As it currently stands, a pipelined function can be run in parallel only if it takes a ref cursor as input. There is of course no guarantee that this will not change in future.
So you could run on the assumption that in current releases you will get the rows back in order, but you could never 100% rely on it being the case now and forever more.
So no guarantee is given for future releases.
The function in question would pass this criterion hence it should provide stable ordering. However, I wouldn't personally trust it. My case (when I found this question) was even simpler: selecting from collection specified literally - select column_value from table(my_collection(5,3,7,2)) and I preferred explicit pairing between data and index anyway. It's not so hard and not much more longer.
Oracle should learn from Postgres where this situation is solved by unnest(array) with ordinality which is clearly understandable, trustworthy and well-documented feature.
Does Oracle 10 support a short circuit evaluation query? if yes, there are some special key for use it?
You are probably talking about short circuit evaluation.
A DBMS has cost-based optimizer. There is no guarantee wich condition will get evaluated first and there's no special key to activate this.
Note that PL/SQL does use short circuit evaluation
The only short circuit I have seen Oracle do, relates to NVL vs COALESCE.
SELECT NVL(1,1/0) FROM DUAL
SELECT COALESCE(1,1/0) FROM DUAL
NVL evaluates both sides and throws an error, the coalesce doesn't.
It also looks like decode is doing the same thing:
SELECT decode(1,1,9,2,1/0) FROM DUAL
It isn't evaluating the second part so avoids throwing an error.
On the SQL Server optimizer, I know that the query engine can rewrite these kind of statements and cause problems with short circuit examples like this so as a general rule - you should never rely on a short circuit within your logic - I do not know if the same applies to Oracle - I suspect it will.
So what happens when you use a negative value in a LIMIT clause? Will there be negative consequences (slight pun intended)?
I don't see any documentation on this, and MySQL forums, as I recall, sux.
Background:
I'm using MySQL CE 5.5.20. I wrote a stored procedure that take an int parameter and uses it for the LIMIT clause. I needed a way to return all rows if I wanted, so I tried passing in -1 for the limit parameter in my store procedure/routine, and that worked.
According to the documentation, it must be a non-negative integer
The LIMIT clause can be used to constrain the number of rows returned by the SELECT statement. LIMIT takes one or two numeric arguments, which must both be nonnegative integer constants (except when using prepared statements).
It sounds to me like what you are experiencing is an undocumented bug, in that mysql should throw an error if the parameters are not inline with what the documentation requires.
My suggestion would be to use syntactically corrected SQL in your stored procedure. You could still use a negative int as a flag to show all though. Something like this
IF myparam >= 0 THEN
SELECT * FROM `mytable` LIMIT myparam;
ELSE
SELECT * FROM `mytable`;
END IF;
When using this on other versions of MySQL, it might generate an error.
I'm trying to run the following PL/SQL on an Oracle 8i server (old, I know):
select
-- stuff --
from
s_doc_quote d,
s_quote_item i,
s_contact c,
s_addr_per a,
cx_meter_info m
where
d.row_id = i.sd_id
and d.con_per_id = c.row_id
and i.ship_per_addr_id = a.row_id(+)
and i.x_meter_info_id = m.row_id(+)
and d.x_move_type in ('Move In','Move Out','Move Out / Move In')
and i.prod_id in ('1-QH6','1-QH8')
and d.created between add_months(trunc(sysdate,'MM'), -1) and sysdate
;
Execution is incredibly slow however. Because the server is taken down around midnight each night, it often fails to complete in time.
The execution plan is as follows:
SELECT STATEMENT 1179377
NESTED LOOPS 1179377
NESTED LOOPS OUTER 959695
NESTED LOOPS OUTER 740014
NESTED LOOPS 520332
INLIST ITERATOR
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID S_QUOTE_ITEM 157132
INDEX RANGE SCAN S_QUOTE_ITEM_IDX8 8917
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID S_DOC_QUOTE 1
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN S_DOC_QUOTE_P1 1
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID S_ADDR_PER 1
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN S_ADDR_PER_P1 1
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID CX_METER_INFO 1
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN CX_METER_INFO_P1 1
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID S_CONTACT 1
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN S_CONTACT_P1 1
If I change the following where clause however:
and d.created between add_months(trunc(sysdate,'MM'), -1) and sysdate
To a static value, such as:
and d.created between to_date('20110101','yyyymmdd') and sysdate
the execution plan becomes:
SELECT STATEMENT 5
NESTED LOOPS 5
NESTED LOOPS OUTER 4
NESTED LOOPS OUTER 3
NESTED LOOPS 2
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID S_DOC_QUOTE 1
INDEX RANGE SCAN S_DOC_QUOTE_IDX1 3
INLIST ITERATOR
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID S_QUOTE_ITEM 1
INDEX RANGE SCAN S_QUOTE_ITEM_IDX4 4
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID S_ADDR_PER 1
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN S_ADDR_PER_P1 1
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID CX_METER_INFO 1
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN CX_METER_INFO_P1 1
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID S_CONTACT 1
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN S_CONTACT_P1 1
which begins to return rows almost instantly.
So far, I've tried replacing the dynamic date condition with bind variables, as well as using a subquery which selects a dynamic date from the dual table. Neither of these methods have helped improve performance so far.
Because I'm relatively new to PL/SQL, I'm unable to understand the reasons for such substantial differences in the execution plans.
I'm also trying to run the query as a pass-through from SAS, but for the purposes of testing the execution speed I've been using SQL*Plus.
EDIT:
For clarification, I've already tried using bind variables as follows:
var start_date varchar2(8);
exec :start_date := to_char(add_months(trunc(sysdate,'MM'), -1),'yyyymmdd')
With the following where clause:
and d.created between to_date(:start_date,'yyyymmdd') and sysdate
which returns an execution cost of 1179377.
I would also like to avoid bind variables if possible as I don't believe I can reference them from a SAS pass-through query (although I may be wrong).
I doubt that the problem here has much to do with the execution time of the ADD_MONTHS function. You've already shown that there is a significant difference in the execution plan when you use a hardcoded minimum date. Big changes in execution plans generally have much more impact on run time than function call overhead is likely to, although potentially different execution plans can mean that the function is called many more times. Either way the root problem to look at is why you aren't getting the execution plan you want.
The good execution plan starts off with a range scan on S_DOC_QUOTE_IDX1. Given the nature of the change to the query, I assume this is an index on the CREATED column. Often the optimizer will not choose to use an index on a date column when the filter condition is based on SYSDATE. Because it is not evaluated until execution time, after the execution plan has been determined, the parser cannot make a good estimate of the selectivity of the date filter condition. When you use a hardcoded start date instead, the parser can use that information to determine selectivity, and makes a better choice about the use of the index.
I would have suggested bind variables as well, but I think because you are on 8i the optimizer can't peek at bind values, so this leaves it just as much in the dark as before. On a later Oracle version I would expect that the bind solution would be effective.
However, this is a good case where using literal substitution is probably more appropriate than using a bind variable, since (a) the start date value is not user-specified, and (b) it will remain constant for the whole month, so you won't be parsing lots of slightly different queries.
So my suggestion is to write some code to determine a static value for the start date and concatenate it directly into the query string before parsing & execution.
First of all, the reason you are getting different execution time is not because Oracle executes the date function a lot. The execution of this SQL function, even if it is done for each and every row (it probably is not by the way), only takes a negligible amount of time compared to the time it takes to actually retrieve the rows from disk/memory.
You are getting completely different execution times because, as you have noticed, Oracle chooses a different access path. Choosing one access path over another can lead to orders of magnitudes of difference in execution time. The real question therefore, is not "why does add_months takes time?" but:
Why does Oracle choose this particular unefficient path while there is a more efficient one?
To answer this question, one must understand how the optimizer works. The optimizer chooses a particular access path by estimating the cost of several access paths (all of them if there are only a few tables) and choosing the execution plan that is expected to be the most efficient. The algorithm to determine the cost of an execution plan has rules and it makes its estimation based on statistics gathered from your data.
As all estimation algorithms, it makes assumptions about your data, such as the general distribution based on min/max value of columns, cardinality, and the physical distribution of the values in the segment (clustering factor).
How this applies to your particular query
In your case, the optimizer has to make an estimation about the selectivity of the different filter clauses. In the first query the filter is between two variables (add_months(trunc(sysdate,'MM'), -1) and sysdate) while in the other case the filter is between a constant and a variable.
They look the same to you because you have substituted the variable by its value, but to the optimizer the cases are very different: the optimizer (at least in 8i) only computes an execution plan once for a particular query. Once the access path has been determined, all further execution will get the same execution plan. It can not, therefore, replace a variable by its value because the value may change in the future, and the access plan must work for all possible values.
Since the second query uses variables, the optimizer cannot determine precisely the selectivity of the first query, so the optimizer makes a guess, and that results in your case in a bad plan.
What can you do when the optimizer doesn't choose the correct plan
As mentionned above, the optimizer sometimes makes bad guesses, which result in suboptimal access path. Even if it happens rarely, this can be disastrous (hours instead of seconds). Here are some actions you could try:
Make sure your stats are up-to-date. The last_analyzed column on ALL_TABLES and ALL_INDEXES will tell you when was the last time the stats were collected on these objects. Good reliable stats lead to more accurate guesses, leading (hopefully) to better execution plan.
Learn about the different options to collect statistics (dbms_stats package)
Rewrite your query to make use of constants, when it makes sense, so that the optimizer will make more reliable guesses.
Sometimes two logically identical queries will result in different execution plans, because the optimizer will not compute the same access paths (of all possible paths).
There are some tricks you can use to force the optimizer to perform some join before others, for example:
Use rownum to materialize a subquery (it may take more temporary space, but will allow you to force the optimizer through a specific step).
Use hints, although most of the time I would only turn to hints when all else fails. In particular, I sometimes use the LEADING hint to force the optimizer to start with a specific table (or couple of table).
Last of all, you will probably find that the more recent releases have a generally more reliable optimizer. 8i is 12+ years old and it may be time for an upgrade :)
This is really an interesting topic. The oracle optimizer is ever-changing (between releases) it improves over time, even if new quirks are sometimes introduced as defects get corrected. If you want to learn more, I would suggest Jonathan Lewis' Cost Based Oracle: Fundamentals
That's because the function is run for every comparison.
sometimes it's faster to put it in a select from dual:
and d.created
between (select add_months(trunc(sysdate,'MM'), -1) from dual)
and sysdate
otherwise, you could also join the date like this:
select
-- stuff --
from
s_doc_quote d,
s_quote_item i,
s_contact c,
s_addr_per a,
cx_meter_info m,
(select add_months(trunc(sysdate,'MM'), -1) as startdate from dual) sd
where
d.row_id = i.sd_id
and d.con_per_id = c.row_id
and i.ship_per_addr_id = a.row_id(+)
and i.x_meter_info_id = m.row_id(+)
and d.x_move_type in ('Move In','Move Out','Move Out / Move In')
and i.prod_id in ('1-QH6','1-QH8')
and d.created between sd.startdate and sysdate
Last option and actually the best chance of improved performance: Add a date parameter to the query like this:
and d.created between :startdate and sysdate
[edit]
I'm sorry, I see you already tried options like these. Still odd. If the constant value works, the bind parameter should work as well, as long as you keep the add_months function outside the query.
This is SQL. You may want to use PL/SQL and save the calculation add_months(trunc(sysdate,'MM'), -1) into a variable first ,then bind that.
Also, I've seen SAS calcs take a long while due to pulling data across the network and doing additional work on each row it processes. Depending on your environment, you may consider creating a temp table to store the results of these joins first, then hitting the temp table (try a CTAS).