Asgard CMS Laravel application accessed through VPN not setting cookies - laravel

I have a Asgard CMS Laravel application that I am accessing through my company's VPN network, as the server its running on, is not accessible from outside the private network.
Whenever I go to the login page, I do not see the laraval_session cookies set. The HTTP header shows the following values
Set-Cookie:HttpOnly;Secure
Transfer-Encoding:chunked
X-Content-Security-Policy:default-src 'self';
X-Content-Type-Options:nosniff
X-Frame-Options:SAMEORIGIN
As you would notice, a normal Asgard CMS application running fine will have some cookies set like
Set-Cookie:XSRF-TOKEN=<cookie value>; expires=Fri, 15-Jul-2016 10:29:57 GMT; Max-Age=7200; path=/
Set-Cookie:laravel_session=<cookie value>; expires=Fri, 15-Jul-2016 10:29:57 GMT; Max-Age=7200; path=/; httponly
We see above two cookies (XSRF-TOKEN, laravel_session) are being set on an application running fine.
However in my application none of these cookies are set on the login page. Due to this token mismatch error occurs after the user tries to login, as a new token gets generated, and the one in the form is the old one.
Also note that additional headers (X-Content-Security-Policy, X-Content-Type-Options, X-Frame-Options) show up which are not there in case of normal functional laravel application.
Once we access this application outside the network, it continuously shows up this error.
Any clues on how to get the cookies show up properly, and to make my laravel application to run as normal.

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child at <iframe src="https://second-site.com"> (inside of parent)
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Set-Cookie: iqsession=869194b8e575d0d333f9395557f564f5eca31c15761c; expires=Wed, 08-Feb-2023 03:51:14 GMT; Max-Age=600; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=none
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This does work in Chrome.
Note that I am not attempting to access cookies across domains. The cookie is only set by second-site.com on the server side and only read by second-site.com on the server side. The outer parent doesn't need to know anything about the cookie.
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From what I understand, the browser should now set/update the laravel_session cookie. However, when I check the cookies in Chrome devtools, nothing changes.
Are the different URLs (or at least ports) an issue here? Am I missing some kind of header or directive that is required? I've done some research but haven't found a solution yet.

Web app doesn't work in Internet Explorer

My application works beautifully on Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Opera, but fails on Internet Explorer 11 (I haven't tried earlier versions yet). Basically, I find that I cannot log in. I have narrowed the problem down to an issue with cookies. On login attempt, I get through to the server fine, and the response is the exact same as with any other browser. But for whatever reason, even though the Set-Cookie header is set, the cookie is not saved and sent on the next request to the server. My application has a (mostly) RESTful backend, and so authenticates on most requests. This obviously fails because the cookie is not set!
This problem persists whether served from localhost or from a real server. I should mention that it is a cross origin request, but the proper headers are in place (and they work on other browsers)
The response headers (when served from localhost) are as follows:
Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials true
Access-Control-Allow-Headers accept, content-type
Access-Control-Allow-Methods POST, PATCH, DELETE
Access-Control-Allow-Origin http://localhost:8000
Cache-Control no-cache,no-store
Content-Length 68
Content-Type application/json
Date Thu, 05 Mar 2015 20:00:20 GMT
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Server waitress
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Strict-Transport-Security max-age=31536000;
X-Frame-Options deny
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Adding the Cache-Control header
Removing the HttpOnly flag from the cookie
Adding the Domain flag to the cookie (set as localhost or 127.0.0.1)
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I am noticing strange behaviour with my ColdFusion session cookies whereby the domain, path and httponly attributes are not retained.
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In my onSessionStart event I then have the following code:
<cfset sessionRotate()>
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Thanks.
In response to Sean.
Response cookies returned on initial request to www.domainname.com/sub are:
Set Cookie CFID=123456; Domain=.domainname.com; Expires=Fri, 07-Feb-2014 15:12:33 GMT; Path=/sub; HttpOnly
Set Cookie CFTOKEN=2cf168a89952feec%2D4DAC5903%2D1DD8%2DB71C%2D3B0166C2FDAF5D6B; Domain=.domainname.com; Expires=Fri, 07-Feb-2014 15:12:33 GMT; Path=/sub; HttpOnly
Subsequent requests to any other page (any page at the same level or deeper than the /sub directory) or the same page (i.e. refreshing the page) send the following request cookie string:
CFID=191297; CFTOKEN=2cf168a89952feec%2D4DAC5903%2D1DD8%2DB71C%2D0B0166C2FDAF5D6D; ASP.NET_SessionId=s43bplyduc0hkgintth4gcqh
It's a CF10 bug, fixed, but not available.
https://bugbase.adobe.com/index.cfm?event=bug&id=3593673

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