I want to generate 64-bit random integer using the secure crypto/rand package. I found this online:
package main
import (
"crypto/rand"
"encoding/base64"
)
// GenerateRandomBytes returns securely generated random bytes.
// It will return an error if the system's secure random
// number generator fails to function correctly, in which
// case the caller should not continue.
func GenerateRandomBytes(n int) ([]byte, error) {
b := make([]byte, n)
_, err := rand.Read(b)
// Note that err == nil only if we read len(b) bytes.
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return b, nil
}
But it seems to generate random bytes instead. I want a random 64-bit int. Namely, I want something like var i uint64 = rand(). Any ideas how to achieve this?
You can generate a random number with crypto.Rand, and then convert those bytes to an int64 using the binary package:
func randint64() (int64, error) {
var b [8]byte
if _, err := rand.Read(b[:]); err != nil {
return 0, err
}
return int64(binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(b[:])), nil
}
https://play.golang.org/p/2Q8tvttqbJ (result is cached)
If you look at the source code for LittleEndian.Uint64, you can see it's simply performing a few bit operations on the data; something that you could implemented for yourself.
You also use rand.Int in crypto/rand package
func randint64() (int64, error) {
val, err := rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(int64(math.MaxInt64)))
if err != nil {
return 0, err
}
return val.Int64(), nil
}
https://play.golang.org/p/fqoQxpmjOSu
Related
Say I would like to generate a secure random int between 0 and 27 using:
func Int(rand io.Reader, max *big.Int) (n *big.Int, err error)
in the "crypto/rand" package.
How would I do that?
I do not really understand how this works, why does it not return one of the built in Go ints instead of pointer to some big.Int type?
EDIT:
Would this be considered secure enough for tokens?
func getToken(length int) string {
token := ""
codeAlphabet := "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
codeAlphabet += "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
codeAlphabet += "0123456789"
for i := 0; i < length; i++ {
token += string(codeAlphabet[cryptoRandSecure(int64(len(codeAlphabet)))])
}
return token
}
func cryptoRandSecure(max int64) int64 {
nBig, err := rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(max))
if err != nil {
log.Println(err)
}
return nBig.Int64()
}
func main() {
fmt.Println(getToken(32))
}
This would output something like this:
qZDbuPwNQGrgVmZCU9A7FUWbp8eIfn0Z
EwZVoQ5D5SEfdhiRsDfH6dU6tAovILCZ
cOqzODVP0GwbiNBwtmqLA78rFgV9d3VT
Here is some working code :
package main
import (
"fmt"
"crypto/rand"
"math/big"
)
func main() {
nBig, err := rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(27))
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
n := nBig.Int64()
fmt.Printf("Here is a random %T in [0,27) : %d\n", n, n)
}
But to generate a random token, I'd do something like this :
package main
import (
"crypto/rand"
"encoding/base32"
"fmt"
)
func main() {
token := getToken(10)
fmt.Println("Here is a random token : ", token)
}
func getToken(length int) string {
randomBytes := make([]byte, 32)
_, err := rand.Read(randomBytes)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
return base32.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(randomBytes)[:length]
}
If you're generating secure tokens for session IDs, OAuth Bearer tokens, CSRF or similar: you want to generate a token of (ideally) 256 bits (32 bytes) or no less than 192 bits (24 bytes).
A token with values between (0-27) can be brute-forced in less than a second and could not be considered secure.
e.g.
package main
import (
"crypto/rand"
"encoding/base64"
)
// GenerateRandomBytes returns securely generated random bytes.
// It will return an error if the system's secure random
// number generator fails to function correctly, in which
// case the caller should not continue.
func GenerateRandomBytes(n int) ([]byte, error) {
b := make([]byte, n)
_, err := rand.Read(b)
// Note that err == nil only if we read len(b) bytes.
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return b, nil
}
// GenerateRandomString returns a URL-safe, base64 encoded
// securely generated random string.
func GenerateRandomString(s int) (string, error) {
b, err := GenerateRandomBytes(s)
return base64.URLEncoding.EncodeToString(b), err
}
func main() {
// Example: this will give us a 44 byte, base64 encoded output
token, err := GenerateRandomString(32)
if err != nil {
// Serve an appropriately vague error to the
// user, but log the details internally.
}
}
The base64 output is safe for headers, HTTP forms, JSON bodies, etc.
If you need an integer it may help to explain your use-case, as it would be odd for a system to require tokens as ints.
If you only need a small number (i.e. [0, 255]), you could just read a byte out of the package's Reader:
b := []byte{0}
if _, err := rand.Reader.Read(b); err != nil {
panic(err)
}
n := b[0]
fmt.Println(n)
Playground: http://play.golang.org/p/4VO52LiEVh (the example won't work there, I don't know if it's working as intended or it's a playground bug).
I am trying to read a buffered stream of signed 16 bit integers (wav format), but the bufio.Read method only accepts an array of bytes. My question is a 2-parter:
Can I preformat the byte stream into a buffered int16 array?
If I can't, whats the best way of post-processing the byte array into int16 array? My initial thought is to use tmp arrays and keep pushing/processing them, but I was curious if there was a more idiomatic way of doing this?
package main
import (
"bufio"
"io"
"log"
"os/exec"
)
func main() {
app := "someapp"
cmd := exec.Command(app)
stdout, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
r := bufio.NewReader(stdout)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
//"someapp" outputs signed 16bit integers (little endian))
buf := make([]byte, 0, 4*1024)
for {
n, err := r.Read(buf[:cap(buf)]) //r.Read only accepts type []byte
buf = buf[:n]
if n == 0 {
if err == nil {
continue
}
if err == io.EOF {
break
}
log.Fatal(err)
}
log.Printf("%x\n", buf)
//process buf here
if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
}
When working with IO, you always work with []bytes, there's no way to substitute that with []int16, or pre-format that as int16s, it's always a stream of bytes.
You can look at the encoding/binary package to decode this stream.
// to get the first uint16 as i
i := binary.LittleEndian.Uint16(buf[:2])
You can then iterate through the buf as needed.
You can also use binary.Read to read directly from the io.Reader.
var i uint16
for {
err := binary.Read(r, binary.LittleEndian, &i)
if err != nil {
log.Println(err)
break
}
fmt.Println(i)
}
It may worth noting the simplicity of what needs to be done. Each uint16 is created via:
func (littleEndian) Uint16(b []byte) uint16 {
return uint16(b[0]) | uint16(b[1])<<8
}
You can use encoding/binary.Read to fill an []int16 directly from your reader, although technically the answer to your first question is still no (check the source of binary.Read, it reads the data to a []byte first).
I am trying to parse a file that annoying consists of many separately zipped segments. I have parsed these segments one at a time into a slice of bytes and I want to uncompress them as I go.
Here is my current code that does the decompressing, which doesn't work. from and to are just set at the top as an example, in reality they are set by the code. data is the byte array containing the entire file. I don't want to seek it while it's on disk because its location on another server, so it's only realistic for me to load the entire file to []byte first and then parse it.
from, to := 0, 1000;
b := bytes.NewReader(data[from:from+to])
z, err := zlib.NewReader(b)
CheckErr(err)
defer z.Close()
p := make([]byte,0,1024)
z.Read(p)
fmt.Println(string(p))
So how is it so massively difficult just to unzip a slice of bytes? Anyway...
The problem appears to with how I am reading it out. Where it says z.Read, that doesn't seem to do anything.
How can I read the entire thing in one go into a slice of bytes?
Here's an outline for you. Note: In Go, CHECK FOR ERRORS!
package main
import (
"bytes"
"compress/zlib"
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
)
func readSegment(data []byte, from, to int) ([]byte, error) {
b := bytes.NewReader(data[from : from+to])
z, err := zlib.NewReader(b)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer z.Close()
p, err := ioutil.ReadAll(z)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return p, nil
}
func main() {
from, to := 0, 1000
data := make([]byte, from+to)
// ** parse input segments into data **
p, err := readSegment(data, from, to)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
return
}
fmt.Println(string(p))
}
Use ReadAll(r io.Reader) ([]byte, error) from the io/ioutil package.
p, err := ioutil.ReadAll(b)
fmt.Println(string(p))
Read only reads up to the length of the given slice (1024 bytes in your case).
To read in chunks of 1024 bytes:
p := make([]byte,1024)
for {
numBytes, err := l.Read(p)
if err == io.EOF {
// you are done, numBytes might be less than len(p)
break
}
// do what you want with p
}
If you are getting the data from a webserver, you might even do
import (
"net/http"
"io/ioutil"
)
...
resp, errGet := http.Get("http://example.com/somefile")
// do error handling
z, errZ := zlib.NewReader(resp.Body)
// do error handling
resp.Body.Close()
p, err := ioutil.ReadAll(b)
// do error handling
since resp.Body happens to be an io.Reader as most io related types.
I'm wondering if it's possible to count and print the number of bytes downloaded while the file is being downloaded.
out, err := os.Create("file.txt")
defer out.Close()
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(fmt.Sprint(err))
panic(err)
}
resp, err := http.Get("http://example.com/zip")
defer resp.Body.Close()
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(fmt.Sprint(err))
panic(err)
}
n, er := io.Copy(out, resp.Body)
if er != nil {
fmt.Println(fmt.Sprint(err))
}
fmt.Println(n, "bytes ")
If I understand you correctly, you wish to display the number of bytes read, while the data is transferring. Presumably to maintain some kind of a progress bar or something. In which case, you can use Go's compositional data structures to wrap the reader or writer in a custom io.Reader or io.Writer implementation.
It simply forwards the respective Read or Write call to the underlying stream, while doing some additional work with the (int, error) values returned by them. Here is an example you can run on the Go playground.
package main
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"io"
"os"
"strings"
)
// PassThru wraps an existing io.Reader.
//
// It simply forwards the Read() call, while displaying
// the results from individual calls to it.
type PassThru struct {
io.Reader
total int64 // Total # of bytes transferred
}
// Read 'overrides' the underlying io.Reader's Read method.
// This is the one that will be called by io.Copy(). We simply
// use it to keep track of byte counts and then forward the call.
func (pt *PassThru) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
n, err := pt.Reader.Read(p)
pt.total += int64(n)
if err == nil {
fmt.Println("Read", n, "bytes for a total of", pt.total)
}
return n, err
}
func main() {
var src io.Reader // Source file/url/etc
var dst bytes.Buffer // Destination file/buffer/etc
// Create some random input data.
src = bytes.NewBufferString(strings.Repeat("Some random input data", 1000))
// Wrap it with our custom io.Reader.
src = &PassThru{Reader: src}
count, err := io.Copy(&dst, src)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
os.Exit(1)
}
fmt.Println("Transferred", count, "bytes")
}
The output it generates is this:
Read 512 bytes for a total of 512
Read 1024 bytes for a total of 1536
Read 2048 bytes for a total of 3584
Read 4096 bytes for a total of 7680
Read 8192 bytes for a total of 15872
Read 6128 bytes for a total of 22000
Transferred 22000 bytes
The stdlib now provides something like jimt's PassThru: io.TeeReader. It helps simplify things a bit:
// WriteCounter counts the number of bytes written to it.
type WriteCounter struct {
Total int64 // Total # of bytes transferred
}
// Write implements the io.Writer interface.
//
// Always completes and never returns an error.
func (wc *WriteCounter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
n := len(p)
wc.Total += int64(n)
fmt.Printf("Read %d bytes for a total of %d\n", n, wc.Total)
return n, nil
}
func main() {
// ...
// Wrap it with our custom io.Reader.
src = io.TeeReader(src, &WriteCounter{})
// ...
}
playground
The grab Go package implements progress updates (and many other features) for file downloads.
An example of printing progress updates while a download is in process is included in the following walkthrough: http://cavaliercoder.com/blog/downloading-large-files-in-go.html
You can basically call grab.GetAsync which downloads in a new Go routine and then monitor the BytesTransferred or Progress of the returned grab.Response from the calling thread.
Other answers have explained about PassThru. Just provide a full example with callback function base on Dave Jack's answer.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"io"
"net/http"
"os"
"strconv"
)
// writeCounter counts the number of bytes written to it.
type writeCounter struct {
total int64 // total size
downloaded int64 // downloaded # of bytes transferred
onProgress func(downloaded int64, total int64)
}
// Write implements the io.Writer interface.
//
// Always completes and never returns an error.
func (wc *writeCounter) Write(p []byte) (n int, e error) {
n = len(p)
wc.downloaded += int64(n)
wc.onProgress(wc.downloaded, wc.total)
return
}
func newWriter(size int64, onProgress func(downloaded, total int64)) io.Writer {
return &writeCounter{total: size, onProgress: onProgress}
}
func main() {
client := http.DefaultClient
url := "http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/gtv-videos-bucket/sample/ForBiggerFun.mp4"
saveTo := "/Users/tin/Desktop/ForBiggerFun.mp4"
download(client, url, saveTo, func(downloaded, total int64) {
fmt.Printf("Downloaded %d bytes for a total of %d\n", downloaded, total)
})
}
func download(client *http.Client, url, filePath string, onProgress func(downloaded, total int64)) (err error) {
// Create file writer
file, err := os.Create(filePath)
if err != nil {
return
}
defer file.Close()
// Determinate the file size
resp, err := client.Head(url)
if err != nil {
return
}
contentLength := resp.Header.Get("content-length")
length, err := strconv.Atoi(contentLength)
if err != nil {
return
}
// Make request
resp, err = client.Get(url)
if err != nil {
return
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
// pipe stream
body := io.TeeReader(resp.Body, newWriter(int64(length), onProgress))
_, err = io.Copy(file, body)
return err
}
Base #Dave Jack
I add progress value and receiving file data from NC (direct TCP data transfer）
// WriteCounter counts the number of bytes written to it.
type WriteCounter struct {
Total int64 // Total # of bytes transferred
Last int64
LastUpdate time.Time
}
// Write implements the io.Writer interface.
//
// Always completes and never returns an error.
func (wc *WriteCounter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
n := len(p)
wc.Total += int64(n)
now := time.Now()
duration := now.Sub(wc.LastUpdate).Seconds()
if duration > 1 {
wc.LastUpdate = now
rate := float64(wc.Total-wc.Last) / (duration) / 1024.0
wc.Last = wc.Total
fmt.Printf("Read %d bytes for a total of %d , Rate %.1fKb/s \n", n, wc.Total, rate)
}
return n, nil
}
func Server(dest string) {
outputFile, err := os.Create(dest)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
defer outputFile.Close()
fileWriter := bufio.NewWriter(outputFile)
serverListener, err := net.Listen("tcp", "0.0.0.0:"+PORT)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
defer serverListener.Close()
serverConn, err := serverListener.Accept()
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
defer serverConn.Close()
wc := &WriteCounter{}
reader := io.TeeReader(serverConn, wc)
serverConnReader := bufio.NewReaderSize(reader, 32*1024*1024)
io.Copy(fileWriter, serverConnReader)
fileWriter.Flush()
outputFile.Sync()
fmt.Println("Done: Writer")
}
I need to read a file of integers into an array. I have it working with this:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"io"
"os"
)
func readFile(filePath string) (numbers []int) {
fd, err := os.Open(filePath)
if err != nil {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("open %s: %v", filePath, err))
}
var line int
for {
_, err := fmt.Fscanf(fd, "%d\n", &line)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
if err == io.EOF {
return
}
panic(fmt.Sprintf("Scan Failed %s: %v", filePath, err))
}
numbers = append(numbers, line)
}
return
}
func main() {
numbers := readFile("numbers.txt")
fmt.Println(len(numbers))
}
The file numbers.txt is just:
1
2
3
...
ReadFile() seems too long (maybe because of the error handing).
Is there a shorter / more Go idiomatic way to load a file?
Using a bufio.Scanner makes things nice. I've also used an io.Reader rather than taking a filename. Often that's a good technique, since it allows the code to be used on any file-like object and not just a file on disk. Here it's "reading" from a string.
package main
import (
"bufio"
"fmt"
"io"
"strconv"
"strings"
)
// ReadInts reads whitespace-separated ints from r. If there's an error, it
// returns the ints successfully read so far as well as the error value.
func ReadInts(r io.Reader) ([]int, error) {
scanner := bufio.NewScanner(r)
scanner.Split(bufio.ScanWords)
var result []int
for scanner.Scan() {
x, err := strconv.Atoi(scanner.Text())
if err != nil {
return result, err
}
result = append(result, x)
}
return result, scanner.Err()
}
func main() {
tf := "1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6"
ints, err := ReadInts(strings.NewReader(tf))
fmt.Println(ints, err)
}
I would do it like this:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
"strconv"
"strings"
)
// It would be better for such a function to return error, instead of handling
// it on their own.
func readFile(fname string) (nums []int, err error) {
b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(fname)
if err != nil { return nil, err }
lines := strings.Split(string(b), "\n")
// Assign cap to avoid resize on every append.
nums = make([]int, 0, len(lines))
for _, l := range lines {
// Empty line occurs at the end of the file when we use Split.
if len(l) == 0 { continue }
// Atoi better suits the job when we know exactly what we're dealing
// with. Scanf is the more general option.
n, err := strconv.Atoi(l)
if err != nil { return nil, err }
nums = append(nums, n)
}
return nums, nil
}
func main() {
nums, err := readFile("numbers.txt")
if err != nil { panic(err) }
fmt.Println(len(nums))
}
Your solution with fmt.Fscanf is fine. There are certainly a number of other ways to do though, depending on your situation. Mostafa's technique is one I use a lot (although I might allocate the result all at once with make. oops! scratch that. He did.) but for ultimate control you should learn bufio.ReadLine. See go readline -> string for some example code.