Trying to turn on an LED using an interactive slider using pyfirmata library. I simply want to turn it off or on using the slider. Here is my code (I do not know what I'm doing wrong):
import pyfirmata
import time
from ipywidgets import widgets, interact
import ipywidgets as widgets
from IPython.display import display
pin=9
port='com5'
board = pyfirmata.Arduino(port)
def ledON():
board.digital[pin].write(1)
def ledOFF():
board.digital[pin].write(0)
def runit(LED=ledwidget.result):
if LED == 1:
ledON()
elif LED == 0:
ledOFF()
return(LED)
slider = widgets.IntSlider(value=0,min=0,max=1,step=1)
ledwidget = widgets.interactive (runit,a=slider)
display(ledwidget)
board.exit()
Here is the stack error trace to help in debugging, however I had to cut most of it since I wasn't able to post all of the stack onto here:
SerialException Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-115-6a0aba5925b9> in runit(LED)
19 ledON()
20 elif LED == 0:
---> 21 ledOFF()
22 return(LED)
23
<ipython-input-115-6a0aba5925b9> in ledOFF()
13
14 def ledOFF():
---> 15 board.digital[pin].write(0)
16
17 def runit(LED=ledwidget.result):
C:\Users\trinh\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pyfirmata\pyfirmata.py in write(self, value)
531 if self.mode is OUTPUT:
532 if self.port:
--> 533 self.port.write()
534 else:
535 msg = bytearray([DIGITAL_MESSAGE, self.pin_number, value])
C:\Users\trinh\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\IPython\core\interactiveshell.py in run_code(self, code_obj, result) 2879 self.hooks.pre_run_code_hook() 2880
#rprint('Running code', repr(code_obj)) # dbg
-> 2881 exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns) 2882 finally: 2883 # Reset our crash handler in place
C:\Users\trinh\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\serial\serialwin32.py in write(self, data)
302 """Output the given byte string over the serial port."""
303 if not self.is_open:
--> 304 raise portNotOpenError
305 #~ if not isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray)):
306 #~ raise TypeError('expected %s or bytearray, got %s' % (bytes, type(data)))
SerialException: Attempting to use a port that is not open
Related
I am trying to get the shap values for the masked language modeling task using transformer. I get the error KeyError: 'label' for the code where I input a single data sample to get the explanation. My complete code and error trace are as follows:
import transformers
import shap
from transformers import RobertaTokenizer, RobertaForMaskedLM, pipeline
import torch
model = RobertaForMaskedLM.from_pretrained('microsoft/codebert-base-mlm')
tokenizer = RobertaTokenizer.from_pretrained('microsoft/codebert-base-mlm')
code_example = "if (x <mask> 10)"
fill_mask = pipeline('fill-mask', model=model, tokenizer=tokenizer)
explainer = shap.Explainer(fill_mask)
shap_values = explainer(['x {tokenizer.mask_token} 10'])
Following is the error trace
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
[<ipython-input-12-bb3832d1772d>](https://localhost:8080/#) in <module>
6 # explain the model on two sample inputs
7 explainer = shap.Explainer(fill_mask)
----> 8 shap_values = explainer(['x {tokenizer.mask_token} 10'])
9 print(shap_values)
10 # visualize the first prediction's explanation for the POSITIVE output class
5 frames
[/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/shap/explainers/_partition.py](https://localhost:8080/#) in __call__(self, max_evals, fixed_context, main_effects, error_bounds, batch_size, outputs, silent, *args)
136 return super().__call__(
137 *args, max_evals=max_evals, fixed_context=fixed_context, main_effects=main_effects, error_bounds=error_bounds, batch_size=batch_size,
--> 138 outputs=outputs, silent=silent
139 )
140
[/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/shap/explainers/_explainer.py](https://localhost:8080/#) in __call__(self, max_evals, main_effects, error_bounds, batch_size, outputs, silent, *args, **kwargs)
266 row_result = self.explain_row(
267 *row_args, max_evals=max_evals, main_effects=main_effects, error_bounds=error_bounds,
--> 268 batch_size=batch_size, outputs=outputs, silent=silent, **kwargs
269 )
270 values.append(row_result.get("values", None))
[/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/shap/explainers/_partition.py](https://localhost:8080/#) in explain_row(self, max_evals, main_effects, error_bounds, batch_size, outputs, silent, fixed_context, *row_args)
159 # if not fixed background or no base value assigned then compute base value for a row
160 if self._curr_base_value is None or not getattr(self.masker, "fixed_background", False):
--> 161 self._curr_base_value = fm(m00.reshape(1, -1), zero_index=0)[0] # the zero index param tells the masked model what the baseline is
162 f11 = fm(~m00.reshape(1, -1))[0]
163
[/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/shap/utils/_masked_model.py](https://localhost:8080/#) in __call__(self, masks, zero_index, batch_size)
65
66 else:
---> 67 return self._full_masking_call(masks, batch_size=batch_size)
68
69 def _full_masking_call(self, masks, zero_index=None, batch_size=None):
[/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/shap/utils/_masked_model.py](https://localhost:8080/#) in _full_masking_call(self, masks, zero_index, batch_size)
142
143 joined_masked_inputs = tuple([np.concatenate(v) for v in all_masked_inputs])
--> 144 outputs = self.model(*joined_masked_inputs)
145 _assert_output_input_match(joined_masked_inputs, outputs)
146 all_outputs.append(outputs)
[/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/shap/models/_transformers_pipeline.py](https://localhost:8080/#) in __call__(self, strings)
33 val = [val]
34 for obj in val:
---> 35 output[i, self.label2id[obj["label"]]] = sp.special.logit(obj["score"]) if self.rescale_to_logits else obj["score"]
36 return output
KeyError: 'label'
I am learning using ruamel.yaml, and I am wondering whether it supports type descriptor as the original YAML like "num: !!float 4"?
The file is like:
num: !!float 4
I tried import a file like this, but met an error:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
Input In [22], in <cell line: 2>()
1 from ruamel import yaml
2 with open("net.yaml", "r", encoding="utf-8") as yaml_file:
----> 3 yaml_dict = yaml.round_trip_load(yaml_file)
4 yaml_dict
...
File ~/software/python/anaconda/anaconda3/envs/conda-general/lib/python3.10/site-packages/ruamel/yaml/constructor.py:1469, in RoundTripConstructor.construct_mapping(self, node, maptyp, deep)
1462 if not isinstance(key, Hashable):
1463 raise ConstructorError(
1464 'while constructing a mapping',
1465 node.start_mark,
1466 'found unhashable key',
1467 key_node.start_mark,
1468 )
-> 1469 value = self.construct_object(value_node, deep=deep)
1470 if self.check_mapping_key(node, key_node, maptyp, key, value):
1471 if key_node.comment and len(key_node.comment) > 4 and key_node.comment[4]:
File ~/software/python/anaconda/anaconda3/envs/conda-general/lib/python3.10/site-packages/ruamel/yaml/constructor.py:146, in BaseConstructor.construct_object(self, node, deep)
142 # raise ConstructorError(
143 # None, None, 'found unconstructable recursive node', node.start_mark
144 # )
145 self.recursive_objects[node] = None
--> 146 data = self.construct_non_recursive_object(node)
148 self.constructed_objects[node] = data
149 del self.recursive_objects[node]
File ~/software/python/anaconda/anaconda3/envs/conda-general/lib/python3.10/site-packages/ruamel/yaml/constructor.py:181, in BaseConstructor.construct_non_recursive_object(self, node, tag)
179 constructor = self.__class__.construct_mapping
180 if tag_suffix is None:
--> 181 data = constructor(self, node)
182 else:
183 data = constructor(self, tag_suffix, node)
File ~/software/python/anaconda/anaconda3/envs/conda-general/lib/python3.10/site-packages/ruamel/yaml/constructor.py:1271, in RoundTripConstructor.construct_yaml_float(self, node)
1259 return ScalarFloat(
1260 sign * float(value_s),
1261 width=width,
(...)
1268 anchor=node.anchor,
1269 )
1270 width = len(value_so)
-> 1271 prec = value_so.index('.') # you can use index, this would not be float without dot
1272 lead0 = leading_zeros(value_so)
1273 return ScalarFloat(
1274 sign * float(value_s),
1275 width=width,
(...)
1279 anchor=node.anchor,
1280 )
ValueError: substring not found
Why do I get this error, and how do I get rid of it?
That is a bug in ruamel.yaml<=0.17.21. The comment on the offending line (1271) says
# you can use index, this would not be float without dot
Obviously the author of that comment didn't know what he was talking about, as in your case, when using !!float 4 you have a float without a dot...
It is trivial to "fix" that by replacing index with find in line 1271, and when doing so that will load your document and you can dump the data.
But the corresponding representer for dumping doesn't cope with that outputs the float as 4.0, dropping the tag.
You could temporarily fix this by registering a simpler float constructor (e.g. the simple one from the SafeLoader), although this will affect all floats:
import sys
import ruamel.yaml
yaml_str = """\
num: !!float 4
"""
yaml = ruamel.yaml.YAML()
yaml.constructor.add_constructor(
'tag:yaml.org,2002:float', ruamel.yaml.constructor.SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_float
)
data = yaml.load(yaml_str)
yaml.dump(data, sys.stdout)
which gives:
num: 4.0
My code is
from geopandas.tools import sjoin
ref_bts_adm = sjoin(Airport, ref_adm, how='left', op = 'within')
The error message
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
ImportError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-10-5c31e9843a8a> in <module>
1 from geopandas.tools import sjoin
----> 2 ref_bts_adm = sjoin(Airport, ref_adm, how='left', op = 'within')
~/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/geopandas/tools/sjoin.py in sjoin(left_df, right_df, how, op, lsuffix, rsuffix)
87 _basic_checks(left_df, right_df, how, lsuffix, rsuffix)
88
---> 89 indices = _geom_predicate_query(left_df, right_df, op)
90
91 joined = _frame_join(indices, left_df, right_df, how, lsuffix, rsuffix)
~/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/geopandas/tools/sjoin.py in _geom_predicate_query(left_df, right_df, op)
171 # see discussion at https://github.com/geopandas/geopandas/pull/1421
172 predicate = "contains"
--> 173 sindex = left_df.sindex
174 input_geoms = right_df.geometry
175 else:
~/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/geopandas/base.py in sindex(self)
2628 [2]])
2629 """
-> 2630 return self.geometry.values.sindex
2631
2632 #property
~/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/geopandas/array.py in sindex(self)
307 def sindex(self):
308 if self._sindex is None:
--> 309 self._sindex = _get_sindex_class()(self.data)
310 return self._sindex
311
~/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/geopandas/sindex.py in _get_sindex_class()
20 return RTreeIndex
21 raise ImportError(
---> 22 "Spatial indexes require either `rtree` or `pygeos`. "
23 "See installation instructions at https://geopandas.org/install.html"
24 )
ImportError: Spatial indexes require either `rtree` or `pygeos`. See installation instructions at https://geopandas.org/install.html
Basically I have similar error with this
ImportError: Spatial indexes require either `rtree` or `pygeos` in geopanda but rtree is installed
But I don't have sudo right
I had a similar issue and solved it by installing libspatialindex via spack, e.g., spack install libspatialindex (note: this installs the library in your homedir and does not require sudo privileges). Then you can pip install pygeos and rtree, as indicated in the other answers.
I want to parallelize simulation of multiple agents. Because I want my results to be instances of a class, to avoid issues with serialization I use pathos.multiprocessing instead of multiprocessing.
I do it like this:
import pathos.multiprocessing as mp
sim_agent(T): #simulate single agent for T periods
ag = agent()
for t in range(T):
ag.step()
return ag
def simulate_parallel(N, T):
if __name__ == '__main__':
pool = mp.ProcessPool()
results = pool.amap(sim_agent, [T]*N)
agents = results.get()
return agents
I can run simulate_parallel once. When I do it again, I get an error:
--> 142 agents = results.get()
~/anaconda3/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/multiprocess/pool.py in get(self, timeout)
655 return self._value
656 else:
--> 657 raise self._value
658
659 def _set(self, i, obj):
~/anaconda3/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/multiprocess/pool.py in _handle_tasks(taskqueue, put, outqueue, pool, cache)
429 break
430 try:
--> 431 put(task)
432 except Exception as e:
433 job, idx = task[:2]
~/anaconda3/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/multiprocess/connection.py in send(self, obj)
207 self._check_closed()
208 self._check_writable()
--> 209 self._send_bytes(_ForkingPickler.dumps(obj))
210
211 def recv_bytes(self, maxlength=None):
~/anaconda3/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/multiprocess/connection.py in _send_bytes(self, buf)
394 n = len(buf)
395 # For wire compatibility with 3.2 and lower
--> 396 header = struct.pack("!i", n)
397 if n > 16384:
398 # The payload is large so Nagle's algorithm won't be triggered
error: 'i' format requires -2147483648 <= number <= 2147483647
I also get the same error when I try to use pool.amap() in other functions. Even when I make N and T small, it is still the same behavior: I can run simulate_parallel once and cannot do it for the second time. Why could that be? Thanks!
I am new to using Pandas on Windows and I'm not sure what I am doing wrong here.
My data is located at 'C:\Users\me\data\lending_club\loan.csv'
path = 'C:\\Users\\me\\data\\lending_club\\loan.csv'
pd.read_csv(path)
And I get this error:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileNotFoundError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-107-b5792b17a3c3> in <module>()
1 path = 'C:\\Users\\me\\data\\lending_club\\loan.csv'
----> 2 pd.read_csv(path)
C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pandas\io\parsers.py in parser_f(filepath_or_buffer, sep, delimiter, header, names, index_col, usecols, squeeze, prefix, mangle_dupe_cols, dtype, engine, converters, true_values, false_values, skipinitialspace, skiprows, nrows, na_values, keep_default_na, na_filter, verbose, skip_blank_lines, parse_dates, infer_datetime_format, keep_date_col, date_parser, dayfirst, iterator, chunksize, compression, thousands, decimal, lineterminator, quotechar, quoting, escapechar, comment, encoding, dialect, tupleize_cols, error_bad_lines, warn_bad_lines, skipfooter, skip_footer, doublequote, delim_whitespace, as_recarray, compact_ints, use_unsigned, low_memory, buffer_lines, memory_map, float_precision)
707 skip_blank_lines=skip_blank_lines)
708
--> 709 return _read(filepath_or_buffer, kwds)
710
711 parser_f.__name__ = name
C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pandas\io\parsers.py in _read(filepath_or_buffer, kwds)
447
448 # Create the parser.
--> 449 parser = TextFileReader(filepath_or_buffer, **kwds)
450
451 if chunksize or iterator:
C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pandas\io\parsers.py in __init__(self, f, engine, **kwds)
816 self.options['has_index_names'] = kwds['has_index_names']
817
--> 818 self._make_engine(self.engine)
819
820 def close(self):
C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pandas\io\parsers.py in _make_engine(self, engine)
1047 def _make_engine(self, engine='c'):
1048 if engine == 'c':
-> 1049 self._engine = CParserWrapper(self.f, **self.options)
1050 else:
1051 if engine == 'python':
C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pandas\io\parsers.py in __init__(self, src, **kwds)
1693 kwds['allow_leading_cols'] = self.index_col is not False
1694
-> 1695 self._reader = parsers.TextReader(src, **kwds)
1696
1697 # XXX
pandas/_libs/parsers.pyx in pandas._libs.parsers.TextReader.__cinit__()
pandas/_libs/parsers.pyx in pandas._libs.parsers.TextReader._setup_parser_source()
FileNotFoundError: File b'C:\\Users\\me\\data\\lending_club\\loan.csv' does not exist
EDIT:
I re-installed Anaconda and the error went away. Not sure exactly what was going on but could potentially have been related to the initial install being global vs. user specific in my second install. Thanks for the help everybody!
Just use forward slash('/') instead of backslash('\')
path = 'C:/Users/me/data/lending_club/loan.csv'
Python only access to the current folder's files.
If you want to access files from an other folder, try this :
import sys
sys.path.insert(0, 'C:/Users/myFolder')
Those lines allow your script to access an other folder. Be carrefull, you shoud use slashes /, not backslashes \