Getting started with microchips - microchip

I am curious about small processor (whats the correct term?) chips that I can interact with my cell phone. But my current internet searches have made me realize how ignorant in this technology I am. Can anyone suggest a good starting point for learning & working on these? Here is what I am thinking of:
wifi and/or bluetooth enabled
Write and secure code to put onto the chip ( bluetooth?)
general and affordable chip technology I can buy to start coding on and learning more about this.
what languages and OS are supported
I know this is very vague, but this is such a new domain to me, I am not sure where to get started.

You could do worse than purchase a Raspberry PI. It has Bluetooth (get a PI 3), It's also designed to be cheap enough to mess about with without worrying too much if it breaks.

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Step 1 for Beginner who needs engagement

I'm a beginner with effectively 0 knowledge of programming in the typical sense (only programming I've done is Ladder for PLC's).
I'm a huge ADDer who has trouble staying focused on learning unless it's engaging (IE, with PLC's I was able to program, download to controller and immediately see an output change).
I have a lot of interest in python and other 'normal' programming and my most recent interest includes understanding the Google Assistant interface enough to figure out how to purchase basically any type of sensor (prox, moisture, etc) and interface it into Google Assistant to make my home automation do things for me...
IE - if light beam is broken on sensor 1, turn on output 2 (alarm).
I figured I can use Arduino but my lack of fundamentals make it incredibly hard for me to dive into some of these projects.
Does anyone have a good book that will help me get a good foundation into computer science AND something that might have some mini projects that will keep me engaged and lead me to where I want to be?
I struggled in school due to the concentration issues despite medicating, but did fantastic when doing PLC's. Unfortunately PLC's are really not used as often so 'real programming' is the way i need to go

First Windows driver development exercise: dev/random or dev/null?

What follows is really a learning exercise and not necessarily a search for a production solution. I've recently done a bunch of reading about Windows driver development and am looking for a first good exercise in practical application before potentially proceeding toward a future win10 mobile device family project.
Just to get my feet wet with win10 driver development, I was thinking it would be interesting to develop (and then publish) a filesystem driver project that implemented a dumb Windows equivalent of /dev/null or /dev/random - really, any virtual device that I can read a stream of data from.
I haven't done much Windows development in the past, but after reading through a couple books on Safari I've landed on MS's driver samples GitHub page, which seems like a good start, but doesn't seem to provide a clear way forward from what I've read so far.
Right now I'm still casting about with web searches and would sure appreciate some guidance in how to proceed toward this goal (references, reading materials, etc) I'll be happy to publish whatever silly project(s) I wind up generating for others to learn from in the future.
One of the best way to start Windows driver development is with toaster sample . It will provide you basic workable understanding of Windows driver development. You will be able to understand basics for writing bus driver, function driver and filter drivers(upper, lower) in Windows.

Phone battery use with camera turned on (ar)

I am hoping this is a relatively simple answer. Ive always been interested in ar, and I've been debating about tinkering with a possibly ar driven ui for mobile.
I guess the only real question would be having the camera continuously turned on, how much battery would that use? i.e. would it be too much for something like this to be worth doing?
Battery drain is one of the biggest issues in the smartphones nowadays. I'm not a specialist in power consumption or battery life or whatever but anyone having and using a smartphone (not only for calls of course) would not be wrong by saying this. There are many tips on the internet teaching you how to increase the battery life. In fact processes running on your device need energy and that energy is provided by the battery.
To answer your question, I've been using the smartphones' cameras for AR applications since quite long time now. It's a heavy process and indeed it drains the battery faster than other processes. On the other hand you also have to consider the other processes running on your device while your AR application is used. For example your app might use the device's sensors (gyroscope, GPS, etc); these processes are draining the battery also. A simple test that you might do is to charge your device, start the camera and leave it until the battery dies. Well that's exactly how much the camera would drain the battery (you can even measure the time). Of course you might want to turn off everything else running on the device.
To answer your second question, it depends how the application is created (many things can be optimized a lot!) and how it's going to be used. If the goal of the application is to be used continuously for hours and hours then you need to wait for some other kind of technology being discovered (joking..I hope) or having extra power supply attached to your device. I think it's worth doing the application and optimize it on the fly and also in the end when everything is up an running. If the camera is the only issue then I'm sure it's worth trying!

Can a software engineer create an embedded system?

I want to create an embedded system using Linux similar to E book reader using ARM9 processor. I am not an electronics expert but I would love to learn it. I know basics of electronics like transistors, flip-flops, multiplexers. etc. I love software and would like to create something like an E book reader. Is it possible for a software engineer to create an embedded system? I do not want to buy single board computer available in market, I want to create it myself.
Where do I get some kind of tutorial?
Is my knowledge of operating systems enough to create such a system?
Building a system requires knowledge from multiple engineering disciplines. You can only achieve such a task by buying off-the-shelf modular components and assemble them, and in the case of an e-book putting together the modular components won't be pleasant.
Also learning any of the single disciplines needed will take you a long and concentrated effort.
To (loosely) indicate the problem areas:
you need a computing platform of the right form-factor with all the right chipsets (Apple integrate their own single CPU, as of recently, using hardware designs from multiple companies). You will not find a suitable computing platform of the right form-factor.(Electronic Engineer: Digitial designer, Analog Designer)
You need to try to attach an LCD to the right platform, and other peripherals such as USB/ charging port/ WIFI etc etc.
(Electronic Engineer, Product Designer)
You need to build a case for the platform.
(Product Designer)
You need to get a embedded operating system (potentially real-time) (working on your platform) that fits your needs.
(Embedded programmer, Kernel Programmer)
You need to extend said operating system to behave the way you want it.
(Application Programmer, Graphics Programmer)
The most important part is the platform, and getting a suitable one is very hard and very expensive. The original iphone had a platform created by a third party that apple bought and used to apply points 2-5 -- and it still took their best engineers a long time to make a prototype.
Not really; hardware engineering is a degree-level subject in it's own right, and you need at least three different specialities to do that job. Not to mention that CAD software and CNC machines cost a heck of a lot more than gcc, so hardware engineers' overheads are huge.
However, you can hire that done, for a substantial fee. Or you can use embedded boards and get the case design done for you.
For example, a beagleboard with these accessories in a custom case.
Or, a Gumstix overo with one of these and one of these in a custom case.
In either case, running some embedded linux.
Development boards save a lot of time and money, but in both cases, if you have the capital you can get those boards boiled down into a custom board that will do just what you need for your application, and cost less in large numbers.
Do not underestimate the case design; you're looking at the thick end of a hundred thousand dollars just for the tooling to manufacture a plastic, die-cast metal or stamped metal case, without paying for the design work.
Creating embedded hardware from scratch requires a lot of expertise and resources. It would be better to start off with a low-cost evaluation board in order to learn the basics of embedded programming and interfacing first. That should keep you busy for a few months. Beyond that, embedded CPU suppliers typically have reference designs that you can incorporate into your own embedded product, but at this point you will need to start investing a lot of time, effort and money into tooling up for hardware design and development.
There is basically no need to create (I mean to solder) the embedded system. A good approach may be to buy some controller board like this this or this. You need to be careful with the board but there is nothing about it a software engineer could not manage; it has the familiar serial, USB and RJ45 ports and normally already boots Linux. Finding enclosure, connecting peripherials (including analog/digital converters, or adding some relays to the output ports) is fully in the range of capabilities of someone who wants also some work with hardware. Expect to develop in C.
You can buy off the shelf hardware for embedded software development.
PC 104 Boards

Great idea for embedded development

For my university I (and three others), are searching for a project that utilizes at least one embedded device, web services or other web technology, and a Graphical User Interface.
Currently we are looking at developing a unified remote, that is an extendable application on a cell phone through which you can control your media center. Any ideas, or advice on this will be appreciated, though it is not the focus of this question.
We are having a hard time finding interesting (or funny) projects on which we can work a complete semester. Any ideas will be greatly appreciated. The software will be released as free software. (GPL or BSD license).
We all have a Bsc in Software Engineering.
EDIT: I am very pleased with the suggestions so far. Thanks to everyone, and keep it coming.
How about follower: carry a device, as you move from room to room in your house devices configure themselves to your preference - lights, music etc. If two people are in the room some precedence rules.
Is that possible just on the presence of a mobile phone?
Another idea (from the top of my head):
A work environment ensurance thing. We programmers like to develop in nice and quiet environments. Unfortunately some people tends to annoy us with their disturbing behaviour (or just by being loud).
So the project could be to create devices wich tracks the stress level (sweat levels, pulse etc.) of the individual and their impact onto others.
An example: One individual is very loud (the device should measure this), and others around him becomes stressed and/or unfocused because of this. The serverside sw, should then detect and warn him to quit down a bit to improve the work environment.
Comments?
What do you peeps like doing? Build an app for it.
So, if you like drinking coffee build a application which will find the nearest frothy coffee shoppe (or if you're particular, the nearest Peets/Starbucks/Whatever-ocino). This idea works for beer too.
If you buy stuff off e-Bay build a sniper app.
If you enjoy playing frisbee build an app which locates your nearest friends and sends them a text asking whether they want to goof off lectures and go to the park.
Heck, you could even build an app which monitors your SO questions and alerts you when you get an answer (although I don't know whether the data services SO currently offer will be up to the job).
The standout companies that have made great universal (programmable) remotes are : logitech, and philips.
One of the big problems with these types of devices is the ability of the general consumer to actually program all of their various devices. Logitech has done an outstanding job of providing a fairly simple Web based user setup experience that then implements a very usable universal control.
I would definitely look at what they have done for some ideas on universal remote controls.
How about an app and hardware that will tell me when my wife's plants need watering? (It's somehow my fault if they don't get watered.)
OK then: the recipe generating fridge. Rfid tags on the contents know what's available and the expiry dates. The database knows the recipes. The fridge emails/texts you to say "buy some mushrooms and you can have a delicous ham and mushroom omelette while the eggs are still fresh."
Benjamin and all those aspiring to do embedded projects ...
When you start a project, especially in embedded systems, you need to understand that the hardware is not your PC but some special device. And every sensor will be a transducer in itself. The only thing that would matter to students is that everything costs and are costly
So, it will be good to make sure that the idea is such that,
It can be completed by the
project members within the given timeframe
All the required development
tools like hardware etc can be
really bought
Of all, it good to ensure that the
project enables you to learn
something useful for your career ...
To do all this it is better set some achievable goals
Develop a system in which you can program the lighting system of your house. You can set up their schedule one time and everything should work automatically.
I really love working witht the Atmel ststk1000/stk1006/stk1002 development boards for tht AVR32. ATSTK1000
2x Ethernet
QVGA lcd
USB 2.0
SD/MMC
Conpact flash
Supported embedded linux
IR
Audio
ps2 interfaces
uarts
++
familiy atmel page:
AVR 32 family home
online forums
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