Bash script throws syntax errors when the 'extglob' option is set inside a subshell or function - bash

Question

Problem
The execution of a Bash script fails with the following error message when the 'extglob' option is set inside a subshell:
/tmp/foo.sh: line 7: syntax error near unexpected token `('
#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail
(
shopt -s extglob
for f in ?(.)!(|+(.)|vendor); do
echo "$f"
done
)
It fails in the same manner inside a function:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail
list_no_vendor () {
shopt -s extglob
for f in ?(.)!(|+(.)|vendor); do
echo "$f"
done
}
list_no_vendor
Investigation
In both cases, the script executes successfully when the option is set globally, outside of the subshell or function.
Surprisingly, when set locally, the 'extglob' option appears to be effectively enabled in both the subshell and function:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail
(
shopt -s extglob
echo 'In the subshell:' "$(shopt extglob)"
)
list_no_vendor () {
shopt -s extglob
echo 'In the function:' "$(shopt extglob)"
}
echo 'In the main shell:' "$(shopt extglob)"
list_no_vendor
Output:
In the subshell: extglob on
In the main shell: extglob off
In the function: extglob on
This makes the syntax error extremely puzzling to me.
Workaround
Passing a heredoc to the bash command works.
#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail
bash <<'EOF'
shopt -s extglob
echo 'In the child:' "$(shopt extglob)"
EOF
echo 'In the parent:' "$(shopt extglob)"
Output:
In the child: extglob on
In the parent: extglob off
However I would be curious to understand the gist of the problem here.

Answer 1

extglob is a flag used by the parser. Functions, compound commands, &c. are parsed in entirety ahead of execution. Thus, extglob must be set before that content is parsed; setting it at execution time but after parse time does not have any effect for previously-parsed content.
This is also why you can't run shopt -s extglob; ls !(*.txt) as a one-liner (when extglob is previously unset), but must have a newline between the two commands.
Not as an example of acceptable practice, but as an example demonstrating the behavior, consider the following:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
(
shopt -s extglob
# Parse of eval'd code is deferred, so this succeeds
eval '
for f in ?(.)!(|+(.)|vendor); do
echo "$f"
done
'
)
No such error takes place here, because parsing of the content passed to eval happens only after the shopt -s extglob was executed, rather than when the block of code to be run in a subshell is parsed.