I have the following code snippet here that I want to convert to Go.
BigInteger b = BigInteger.ZERO;
for (int i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
b = b.add(BigInteger.ONE.multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(bytes[i] & 0xff)).shiftLeft(i * 8));
}
return b;
My converted code to Go below:
//return utils.BytesToBigInteger(bytes)
b := BigInteger_ZERO()
for i, val := range bytes {
el := (&big.Int{}).SetUint64(uint64(uint8(val & 0xff))) // & 0xff)
one := BigInteger_ONE()
one = one.Mul(one, el)
b = b.Add(b, el.Lsh(el, uint(i*8)))
}
return b
It seems that the result is still not consistent though. Am I missing something?
Attempting to convert code from one language to another is rarely a good idea. Write the function in Go. For example,
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math"
"math/big"
)
func BytesToBigInteger(b []byte) *big.Int {
return new(big.Int).SetBytes(b)
}
func main() {
b := []byte{1, 1}
i := BytesToBigInteger(b)
fmt.Println(i, uint16(1<<8+1))
b = []byte{255, 255, 255, 255}
i = BytesToBigInteger(b)
fmt.Println(i, uint32(math.MaxUint32))
}
Playground: https://play.golang.org/p/LWzDtr2pkom
Output:
257 257
4294967295 4294967295
Related
I'm trying to create a small program that allows a user to input an integer which will output the product such as follows:
For example:
a = 5, 5*4*3*2 = 120
a = 4, 4*3*2*1 = 24
a = 3, 3*2*1 = 6
Can someone provide guidance as I'm stuck on how to frame this more efficiently. If using Python, I would probably write the logic something like:
def a(num):
x = 1
for i in range (num):
x=x*(i + 1)
return x
print a(5)
You need to learn about the go language itself first, after that you'll be able to convert your python code into go, easily.
Few go learning resources:
https://tour.golang.org
https://gobyexample.com
https://golang.org/doc
But anyway, here is the go version of your python code:
func a(num int) int {
x := 1
for i := 0; i < num; i++ {
x = x * (i + 1)
}
return x
}
func main() {
fmt.Println(a(5)) // 120
fmt.Println(a(4)) // 24
fmt.Println(a(3)) // 6
}
Working playground: https://play.golang.org/p/glHwuMhTDYj
the main function taken from previous answer - only the scanf added here as you requested
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func a(num int) int {
x := 1
for i := 0; i < num; i++ {
x = x * (i + 1)
}
return x
}
func main() {
var i int
_, err := fmt.Scanf("%d", &i)
if nil == err {
fmt.Println(a(i))
} else {
panic(err)
}
}
convert big.Float to big.Int, i write code below, but it overflow with uint64, so what's the correct way to cenvert big.Float to big.Int.
package main
import "fmt"
import "math/big"
func FloatToBigInt(val float64) *big.Int {
bigval := new(big.Float)
bigval.SetFloat64(val)
coin := new(big.Float)
coin.SetInt(big.NewInt(1000000000000000000))
bigval.Mul(bigval, coin)
result := new(big.Int)
f,_ := bigval.Uint64()
result.SetUint64(f)
return result
}
func main() {
fmt.Println("vim-go")
fmt.Println(FloatToBigInt(float64(10)))
fmt.Println(FloatToBigInt(float64(20)))
fmt.Println(FloatToBigInt(float64(30)))
fmt.Println(FloatToBigInt(float64(40)))
fmt.Println(FloatToBigInt(float64(50)))
fmt.Println(FloatToBigInt(float64(100)))
fmt.Println(FloatToBigInt(float64(1000)))
fmt.Println(FloatToBigInt(float64(10000)))
}
A big int bigger than uint64 will always cause an overflow as uint64 has fixed size. You should use the following method on *Float:
func (*Float) Int
The changes required would be:
func FloatToBigInt(val float64) *big.Int {
bigval := new(big.Float)
bigval.SetFloat64(val)
// Set precision if required.
// bigval.SetPrec(64)
coin := new(big.Float)
coin.SetInt(big.NewInt(1000000000000000000))
bigval.Mul(bigval, coin)
result := new(big.Int)
bigval.Int(result) // store converted number in result
return result
}
Working example: https://play.golang.org/p/sEhH6iPkrK
Use the function Float.Int(nil)
I have worked with a regular float64 number (not big.Float) and found out that conversion via string is the most precise way. Check it out
Note: the example is for float64 -> decimal(,20) conversion.
func bigIntViaString(flt float64) (b *big.Int) {
if math.IsNaN(flt) || math.IsInf(flt, 0) {
return nil // illegal case
}
var in = strconv.FormatFloat(flt, 'f', -1, 64)
const parts = 2
var ss = strings.SplitN(in, ".", parts)
// protect from numbers without period
if len(ss) != parts {
ss = append(ss, "0")
}
// protect from ".0" and "0." values
if ss[0] == "" {
ss[0] = "0"
}
if ss[1] == "" {
ss[1] = "0"
}
const (
base = 10
fraction = 20
)
// get fraction length
var fract = len(ss[1])
if fract > fraction {
ss[1], fract = ss[1][:fraction], fraction
}
in = strings.Join([]string{ss[0], ss[1]}, "")
// convert to big integer from the string
b, _ = big.NewInt(0).SetString(in, base)
if fract == fraction {
return // ready
}
// fract < 20, * (20 - fract)
var (
ten = big.NewInt(base)
exp = ten.Exp(ten, big.NewInt(fraction-int64(fract)), nil)
)
b = b.Mul(b, exp)
return
}
https://play.golang.org/p/_lkyQ_0udjd
I was wondering, how do you convert a base10 number from one base to another without usage of strconv in Golang ?
Could you please give me some advice ?
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/big"
)
func main() {
fmt.Println(big.NewInt(1000000000000).Text(62))
}
Demo
Use the math package and a log identify:
log_77(x) = log(x) / log(77)
This is probably cheating but I guess you could look at the implementation of strconv.FormatInt, and build some of your own code using that as an example. That way you aren't using it directly, you have implemented it yourself.
You can use this function to convert any decimal number to any base with the character set of your choice.
func encode(nb uint64, buf *bytes.Buffer, base string) {
l := uint64(len(base))
if nb/l != 0 {
encode(nb/l, buf, base)
}
buf.WriteByte(base[nb%l])
}
func decode(enc, base string) uint64 {
var nb uint64
lbase := len(base)
le := len(enc)
for i := 0; i < le; i++ {
mult := 1
for j := 0; j < le-i-1; j++ {
mult *= lbase
}
nb += uint64(strings.IndexByte(base, enc[i]) * mult)
}
return nb
}
You can use it like that:
// encoding
var buf bytes.Buffer
encode(100, &buf, "0123456789abcdef")
fmt.Println(buf.String())
// 64
// decoding
val := decode("64", "0123456789abcdef")
fmt.Println(val)
// 100
I need to convert an int32 to string in Golang. Is it possible to convert int32 to string in Golang without converting to int or int64 first?
Itoa needs an int. FormatInt needs an int64.
One line answer is fmt.Sprint(i).
Anyway there are many conversions, even inside standard library function like fmt.Sprint(i), so you have some options (try The Go Playground):
1- You may write your conversion function (Fastest):
func String(n int32) string {
buf := [11]byte{}
pos := len(buf)
i := int64(n)
signed := i < 0
if signed {
i = -i
}
for {
pos--
buf[pos], i = '0'+byte(i%10), i/10
if i == 0 {
if signed {
pos--
buf[pos] = '-'
}
return string(buf[pos:])
}
}
}
2- You may use fmt.Sprint(i) (Slow)
See inside:
// Sprint formats using the default formats for its operands and returns the resulting string.
// Spaces are added between operands when neither is a string.
func Sprint(a ...interface{}) string {
p := newPrinter()
p.doPrint(a)
s := string(p.buf)
p.free()
return s
}
3- You may use strconv.Itoa(int(i)) (Fast)
See inside:
// Itoa is shorthand for FormatInt(int64(i), 10).
func Itoa(i int) string {
return FormatInt(int64(i), 10)
}
4- You may use strconv.FormatInt(int64(i), 10) (Faster)
See inside:
// FormatInt returns the string representation of i in the given base,
// for 2 <= base <= 36. The result uses the lower-case letters 'a' to 'z'
// for digit values >= 10.
func FormatInt(i int64, base int) string {
_, s := formatBits(nil, uint64(i), base, i < 0, false)
return s
}
Comparison & Benchmark (with 50000000 iterations):
s = String(i) takes: 5.5923198s
s = String2(i) takes: 5.5923199s
s = strconv.FormatInt(int64(i), 10) takes: 5.9133382s
s = strconv.Itoa(int(i)) takes: 5.9763418s
s = fmt.Sprint(i) takes: 13.5697761s
Code:
package main
import (
"fmt"
//"strconv"
"time"
)
func main() {
var s string
i := int32(-2147483648)
t := time.Now()
for j := 0; j < 50000000; j++ {
s = String(i) //5.5923198s
//s = String2(i) //5.5923199s
//s = strconv.FormatInt(int64(i), 10) // 5.9133382s
//s = strconv.Itoa(int(i)) //5.9763418s
//s = fmt.Sprint(i) // 13.5697761s
}
fmt.Println(time.Since(t))
fmt.Println(s)
}
func String(n int32) string {
buf := [11]byte{}
pos := len(buf)
i := int64(n)
signed := i < 0
if signed {
i = -i
}
for {
pos--
buf[pos], i = '0'+byte(i%10), i/10
if i == 0 {
if signed {
pos--
buf[pos] = '-'
}
return string(buf[pos:])
}
}
}
func String2(n int32) string {
buf := [11]byte{}
pos := len(buf)
i, q := int64(n), int64(0)
signed := i < 0
if signed {
i = -i
}
for {
pos--
q = i / 10
buf[pos], i = '0'+byte(i-10*q), q
if i == 0 {
if signed {
pos--
buf[pos] = '-'
}
return string(buf[pos:])
}
}
}
The Sprint function converts a given value to string.
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func main() {
var sampleInt int32 = 1
sampleString := fmt.Sprint(sampleInt)
fmt.Printf("%+V %+V\n", sampleInt, sampleString)
}
// %!V(int32=+1) %!V(string=1)
See this example.
Use a conversion and strconv.FormatInt to format int32 values as a string. The conversion has zero cost on most platforms.
s := strconv.FormatInt(int64(n), 10)
If you have many calls like this, consider writing a helper function similar to strconv.Itoa:
func formatInt32(n int32) string {
return strconv.FormatInt(int64(n), 10)
}
All of the low-level integer formatting code in the standard library works with int64 values. Any answer to this question using formatting code in the standard library (fmt package included) requires a conversion to int64 somewhere. The only way to avoid the conversion is to write formatting function from scratch, but there's little point in doing that.
func FormatInt32(value int32) string {
return fmt.Sprintf("%d", value)
}
Does this work?
I'm using levigo, the leveldb bindings for Go. My keys are int64's and need to be kept sorted. By default, leveldb uses a bytewise comparator so I'm trying to use varint encoding.
func i2b(x int64) []byte {
b := make([]byte, binary.MaxVarintLen64)
n := binary.PutVarint(b, x)
return key[:n]
}
My keys are not being sorted correctly. I wrote the following as a test.
var prev int64 = 0
for i := int64(1); i < 1e5; i++ {
if bytes.Compare(i2b(i), i2b(prev)) <= 0 {
log.Fatalf("bytewise: %d > %d", b2i(prev), i)
}
prev = i
}
output: bytewise: 127 > 128
playground
I'm not sure where the problem is. Am I doing the encoding wrong? Is varint not the right encoding to use?
EDIT:
BigEndian fixed width encoding is bytewise comparable
func i2b(x int64) []byte {
b := make([]byte, 8)
binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b, uint64(x))
return b
}
The varint encoding is not bytewise comparable* wrt to the order of the values it caries. One option how to write the ordering/collating function (cmp bellow) is for example:
package main
import (
"encoding/binary"
"log"
)
func i2b(x int64) []byte {
var b [binary.MaxVarintLen64]byte
return b[:binary.PutVarint(b[:], x)]
}
func cmp(a, b []byte) int64 {
x, n := binary.Varint(a)
if n < 0 {
log.Fatal(n)
}
y, n := binary.Varint(b)
if n < 0 {
log.Fatal(n)
}
return x - y
}
func main() {
var prev int64 = 0
for i := int64(1); i < 1e5; i++ {
if cmp(i2b(i), i2b(prev)) <= 0 {
log.Fatal("fail")
}
prev = i
}
}
Playground
(*) The reason is (also) the bit fiddling performed.