I am writing a program which is able to sign and verify signatures originally made for CryptoAPI(The old Windows crypto library). The goal is to be able to sign/verify from linux.
However, i seem to be hitting a wall due to CryptoAPI and libcrypto having different endianess.
I have alread tried to reverse the order of the signature to be verified(entire 128 byte RSA-encrypted chunk with padding and all). This does not seem to be enough, and i am struggling to find a proper straight forward recipe to do this easily.
I found from another stackoverflow post that you need to reverse the endianess of the actual key. Therefore, i am wondering if there is any easy way of doing this, where i preferably don't have to mess around with the data myself.
I will stick to verification, as i assume the same workflow can be applied to a private key PEM. The situation is like this:
I have the public key as PEM, converted using the command
openssl rsa -pubin -inform MS\ PUBLICKEYBLOB -in pkey_mspublic.bin -outform PEM -out pubkey.pem
The following is how i load the PEM into libcrypto, and verify the signature:
BIO* certBio = BIO_new_mem_buf((void*)pubkey, -1);
RSA* rsa = NULL;
rsa = PEM_read_bio_RSA_PUBKEY(certBio, &rsa,NULL, NULL);
for (int i=0; i <signatureLength; i++)
{
char tmp = expectedHashPtr[i];
expectedHashPtr[i] = expectedHashPtr[signatureLength - 1 - i];
expectedHashPtr[signatureLength - 1 - i] = tmp;
}
EVP_PKEY* pubKey = EVP_PKEY_new();
EVP_PKEY_assign_RSA(pubKey, rsa);
std::cout << "pubkey size: " << EVP_PKEY_size(pubKey) << std::endl;
EVP_MD_CTX* mdctx = EVP_MD_CTX_create();
if(!(mdctx = EVP_MD_CTX_create())) std::cout << "ctx create fail" << std::endl;
if(1 != EVP_VerifyInit(mdctx, EVP_md5())) std::cout << "digest init fail" << std::endl;
if(1 != EVP_VerifyUpdate(mdctx, data, 512)) std::cout << "digest fail" << std::endl;
std::cout << "finishing verify" << std::endl;
if(1 == EVP_VerifyFinal(mdctx, (unsigned char*)expectedHashPtr, signatureLength, pubKey))
{
/* Success */
std::cout << "Success" << std::endl;
return true;
}
else
{
ERR_print_errors_fp(stderr);
std::cout << "Fail" << std::endl;
return false;
}
When i run the above code, i get padding errors, which i think is happening because my key is wrong endianess, and therefore wrong:
140278264301376:error:0407008A:rsa routines:RSA_padding_check_PKCS1_type_1:invalid padding:crypto/rsa/rsa_pk1.c:67:
140278264301376:error:04067072:rsa routines:rsa_ossl_public_decrypt:padding check failed:crypto/rsa/rsa_ossl.c:582:
So, my question is, is there a quick and easy way of handling endianess conversion of public and private key in PEM format? I do not want to do this by hand, as it has to scale.
Related
I currently try to set up communication between a Windows program and a µC.
I'll show you the code to initialize the port:
int serialCommunication::serialInit(void){
//non overlapped communication
hComm = CreateFile( gszPort.c_str(),
GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
0,
0,
OPEN_EXISTING,
0,
0);
if (hComm == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE){
cout << "Error opening port." << endl;
return 0;
}
else{
cout << "Opened Port successfully." << endl;
}
if (SetCommMask(hComm, EV_RXCHAR) == FALSE){
cout << "Error setting communications mask." << endl;
return 0;
}
else{
SetCommMask(hComm, EV_RXCHAR);
cout << "Communications mask set successfully." << endl;
}
if (GetCommState(hComm, &dcbSerialParams) == FALSE){
cout << "Error getting CommState." << endl;
return 0;
}
else{
GetCommState(hComm, &dcbSerialParams);
cout << "CommState retrieved successfully" << endl;
}
dcbSerialParams.BaudRate = CBR_115200; // Setting BaudRate = 115200
dcbSerialParams.ByteSize = 8; // Setting ByteSize = 8
dcbSerialParams.StopBits = ONESTOPBIT; // Setting StopBits = 1
dcbSerialParams.Parity = NOPARITY; // Setting Parity = None
if (SetCommState(hComm, &dcbSerialParams) == FALSE){
cout << "Error setting CommState" << endl;
return 0;
}
else{
SetCommState(hComm, &dcbSerialParams);
cout << "CommState set successfully" << endl << endl;
cout << "+---CommState Parameters---+" << endl;
cout << "Baudrate = " << dcbSerialParams.BaudRate << endl;
cout << "ByteSize = " << static_cast<int>(dcbSerialParams.ByteSize) << endl; //static Cast, um int auszugeben und kein char
cout << "StopBits = " << static_cast<int>(dcbSerialParams.StopBits) << endl; //static Cast, um int auszugeben und kein char
cout << "Parity = " << static_cast<int>(dcbSerialParams.Parity) << endl; //static Cast, um int auszugeben und kein char
cout << "+--------------------------+" << endl;
}
/*------------------------------------ Setting Timeouts --------------------------------------------------*/
timeouts.ReadIntervalTimeout = 50;
timeouts.ReadTotalTimeoutConstant = 50;
timeouts.ReadTotalTimeoutMultiplier = 10;
timeouts.WriteTotalTimeoutConstant = 50;
timeouts.WriteTotalTimeoutMultiplier = 10;
if (SetCommTimeouts(hComm, &timeouts) == FALSE){
cout << "Error setting timeouts" << endl;
return 0;
}
else{
SetCommTimeouts(hComm, &timeouts);
cout << "Timeouts set successfully." << endl;
cout << "+--------------------------+" << endl;
return 1;
}
My Read function looks like this:
void serialCommunication::serialRead(void){
bool readStatus;
bool purgeStatus = 0;
bool correctData = 0;
cout << "Waiting for Data..." << endl; // Programm waits and blocks Port (like Polling)
readStatus = WaitCommEvent(hComm, &dwEventMask, 0);
if (readStatus == FALSE){
cout << "Error in setting WaitCommEvent." << endl;
}
else{
cout << "Data received." << endl;
do{
readStatus = ReadFile(hComm, &TempChar, sizeof(TempChar), &NoBytesRead, 0);
SerialBuffer += TempChar; // add tempchar to the string
}while (NoBytesRead > 0);
SerialBuffer.pop_back(); // Delete last sign in buffer, otherwise one "0" too much shows up, for example "23900" instead of "2390"
cout << endl << SerialBuffer << endl;
SerialBuffer = ""; // Reset string
}
So at some point, my µC sends the String "Init complete...!\r\n" after initializing some things. This works well.Init complete proof
Now after that, the communcation produces errors. I am getting Data I should not receive. The µC can only send data, if a specific string is sent to it by the PC. While debugging I could detect, that the µC never receives this specific string and therefore never sends data. In the following picture, I show you what gibberish I am receiving constantly though.
Receiving Gibberish
/EDIT: I am constantly receiving the same gibberish
The funny thing is, I even receive that data, when the µC is completely switched off (Serial Cables are still connected). So there has to be some data at the port, which just is not deleted. I tried to restart the PC aswell, but it didn't help either.
I will also show you my while loop on PC:
while (testAbbruch != 1){
pointer = acMessung(anzahlMessungen, average); // measurement with external multimeter
cout << endl;
cout << "Average: " << average << endl << endl;
if (average >= 30){
testAbbruch = 1; // there won't be a next while iteration
befehl = "stopCalibration\r\n";
serialTest.serialWrite(befehl);
serialTest.serialRead();
}
else{
cout << "Aktion: ";
std::getline (cin, befehl);
befehl = "increment"; //for debugging
if (befehl == "increment"){
befehl.append("\r\n"); // adding it, so the µC can detect the string correctly
serialTest.serialWrite(befehl);
serialTest.serialRead(); // µC has to answer
}
else if(befehl == "decrement"){
befehl.append("\r\n"); // adding it, so the µC can detect the string correctly
serialTest.serialWrite(befehl);
serialTest.serialRead(); // µC has to answer
}
befehl = ""; // string leeren für nächsten Aufruf
}
}
I know my program is far from perfect, but if I understood the serial Communication with Windows correctly, the buffer is deleted while reading.
Is there any clue you could give me?
EDIT// I just wrote a program that expects one of two inputs: One input is called "increment" the other one is called "decrement". Those inputs are sent to the µC via the serial communication port. Every time I try to send "increment" and instantly after that I am reading from the port, I receive the weird data from this picture. Now, every time I try to send "decrement" and instantly after that I am reading from the port, I receive the weird data from that picture.
//
So my guess is that the data somehow is changed and then looped back to the PC? But why and how?!
I have a code that I found on the internet that uses the function GetRawInputDeviceInfo, but it doesn't get the name of the device right. sometimes it doesn't get a name at all. I've searched for an answer and found out that people had this problem on windows XP and windows 7 to. I am using windows 10 so that doesn't really help me.
C++ - WinAPI get list of all connected USB devices (do i need to post the code itself? im new to stack overflow)
At the end of the day what I am trying to do is get the names of all the devices connected to my PC and print them out, but this function doesnt return the name of the mouse either, so if anyone has a suggestion on how to fix it or a better method to get the names Id'e love to hear you'r ideas. thanks in advance, -shon :)
EDIT2! the full code:
#include <windows.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <set>
// Namespace
using namespace std;
// Main
int main()
{
// Program
cout << "USB Device Lister." << endl;
// Get Number Of Devices
UINT nDevices = 0;
GetRawInputDeviceList(NULL, &nDevices, sizeof(RAWINPUTDEVICELIST));
// Got Any?
if (nDevices < 1)
{
// Exit
cout << "ERR: 0 Devices?";
cin.get();
return 0;
}
// Allocate Memory For Device List
PRAWINPUTDEVICELIST pRawInputDeviceList;
pRawInputDeviceList = new RAWINPUTDEVICELIST[sizeof(RAWINPUTDEVICELIST) * nDevices];
// Got Memory?
if (pRawInputDeviceList == NULL)
{
// Error
cout << "ERR: Could not allocate memory for Device List.";
cin.get();
return 0;
}
// Fill Device List Buffer
int nResult;
nResult = GetRawInputDeviceList(pRawInputDeviceList, &nDevices, sizeof(RAWINPUTDEVICELIST));
// Got Device List?
if (nResult < 0)
{
// Clean Up
delete[] pRawInputDeviceList;
// Error
cout << "ERR: Could not get device list.";
cin.get();
return 0;
}
std::set<std::string> DeviceList;
// Loop Through Device List
for (UINT i = 0; i < nDevices; i++)
{
// Get Character Count For Device Name
UINT nBufferSize = 0;
nResult = GetRawInputDeviceInfo(pRawInputDeviceList[i].hDevice, // Device
RIDI_DEVICENAME, // Get Device Name
NULL, // NO Buff, Want Count!
&nBufferSize); // Char Count Here!
// Got Device Name?
if (nResult < 0)
{
// Error
cout << "ERR: Unable to get Device Name character count.. Moving to next device." << endl << endl;
// Next
continue;
}
// Allocate Memory For Device Name
WCHAR* wcDeviceName = new WCHAR[nBufferSize + 1];
// Got Memory
if (wcDeviceName == NULL)
{
// Error
cout << "ERR: Unable to allocate memory for Device Name.. Moving to next device." << endl << endl;
// Next
continue;
}
// Get Name
nResult = GetRawInputDeviceInfo(pRawInputDeviceList[i].hDevice, // Device
RIDI_DEVICENAME, // Get Device Name
wcDeviceName, // Get Name!
&nBufferSize); // Char Count
// Got Device Name?
if (nResult < 0)
{
// Error
cout << "ERR: Unable to get Device Name.. Moving to next device." << endl << endl;
// Clean Up
delete[] wcDeviceName;
// Next
continue;
}
// Set Device Info & Buffer Size
RID_DEVICE_INFO rdiDeviceInfo;
rdiDeviceInfo.cbSize = sizeof(RID_DEVICE_INFO);
nBufferSize = rdiDeviceInfo.cbSize;
// Get Device Info
nResult = GetRawInputDeviceInfo(pRawInputDeviceList[i].hDevice,
RIDI_DEVICEINFO,
&rdiDeviceInfo,
&nBufferSize);
// Got All Buffer?
if (nResult < 0)
{
// Error
cout << "ERR: Unable to read Device Info.. Moving to next device." << endl << endl;
// Next
continue;
}
// Mouse
if (rdiDeviceInfo.dwType == RIM_TYPEMOUSE)
{
// Current Device
int id = rdiDeviceInfo.mouse.dwId; //device id
string s = "ID: " + std::to_string(id) + ", Type : MOUSE"; //device type is mouse
DeviceList.insert(s);
}
// Keyboard
else if (rdiDeviceInfo.dwType == RIM_TYPEKEYBOARD)
{
// Current Device
cout << endl << "Displaying device " << i + 1 << " information. (KEYBOARD)" << endl;
wcout << L"Name " << wcDeviceName << endl; //*Problem is here!* //
cout << "Keyboard mode: " << rdiDeviceInfo.keyboard.dwKeyboardMode << endl;
cout << "Number of function keys: " << rdiDeviceInfo.keyboard.dwNumberOfFunctionKeys << endl;
cout << "Number of indicators: " << rdiDeviceInfo.keyboard.dwNumberOfIndicators << endl;
cout << "Number of keys total: " << rdiDeviceInfo.keyboard.dwNumberOfKeysTotal << endl;
cout << "Type of the keyboard: " << rdiDeviceInfo.keyboard.dwType << endl;
cout << "Subtype of the keyboard: " << rdiDeviceInfo.keyboard.dwSubType << endl;
}
// Some HID
else // (rdi.dwType == RIM_TYPEHID)
{
// Current Device
cout << endl << "Displaying device " << i + 1 << " information. (HID)" << endl;
wcout << L"Device Name: " << wcDeviceName << endl;
cout << "Vendor Id:" << rdiDeviceInfo.hid.dwVendorId << endl;
cout << "Product Id:" << rdiDeviceInfo.hid.dwProductId << endl;
cout << "Version No:" << rdiDeviceInfo.hid.dwVersionNumber << endl;
cout << "Usage for the device: " << rdiDeviceInfo.hid.usUsage << endl;
cout << "Usage Page for the device: " << rdiDeviceInfo.hid.usUsagePage << endl;
}
// Delete Name Memory!
delete[] wcDeviceName;
}
// Clean Up - Free Memory
delete[] pRawInputDeviceList;
for (std::set<string>::iterator i = DeviceList.begin(); i != DeviceList.end(); ++i)
std::cout << *i << '\n';
// Exit
cout << endl << "Finnished.";
cin.get();
return 0;
}
In Windows there are two flavors of API calls: Unicode and ANSI. The former takes and returns UTF-16 encoded Unicode strings; the latter takes and returns 8-bit encoded strings (the exact encoding depends on the OS localization).
You choose which flavor you want to use by #defining (or not #defining) the macro UNICODE. Depending on that the function changes name, with an W or A suffix.
#ifdef UNICODE
#define GetRawInputDeviceInfo GetRawInputDeviceInfoW
#else
#define GetRawInputDeviceInfo GetRawInputDeviceInfoA
#endif
All the structures that may contain text data are also duplicated with the W or A suffixes.
Now your problem: you are not defining UNICODE so you are actually calling GetRawInputDeviceInfoA(), the ANSI flavor, that expects a char*, but you are passing a WCHAR*, that is a UNICODE string!
The solution is easy:
char* wcDeviceName = new char[nBufferSize + 1];
It is unfortunate that this function GetRawInputDeviceInfo() has its arguments overloaded, so it is declared as taking a void*, so the compiler cannot catch the error. If you were calling a simpler function, say SetWindowText() then you would have got a compiler error because of incompatible pointer type.
If you really want the full UNICODE name of the device, you may prefer keep the WCHAR string and then call the UNICODE function specifically:
WCHAR* wcDeviceName = new WCHAR[nBufferSize + 1];
...
GetRawInputDeviceInfoW(..., RIDI_DEVICENAME, wcDeviceName, ...);
I am using Dlib 19.2 with VS2015 .I was executing the below program as mentioned in this link 'http://dlib.net/webcam_face_pose_ex.cpp'
I want to save the video with all landmarks on each frame.How can I do this?
I am running the below code.
int main(){
try{
cv::VideoCapture cap("out.avi");
int count =cap.get(CV_CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT);
if (!cap.isOpened())
{
cout << "Unable to connect to camera" << endl;
return 1;
}
image_window win;
// Load face detection and pose estimation models.
frontal_face_detector detector = get_frontal_face_detector();
shape_predictor pose_model;
deserialize("shape_predictor_68_face_landmarks.dat") >> pose_model;
// Grab and process frames until the main window is closed by the user.
while (!win.is_closed())
{
// Grab a frame
cv::Mat temp;
cap >> temp;
// Turn OpenCV's Mat into something dlib can deal with. Note that this just
// wraps the Mat object, it doesn't copy anything. So cimg is only valid as
// long as temp is valid. Also don't do anything to temp that would cause it
// to reallocate the memory which stores the image as that will make cimg
// contain dangling pointers. This basically means you shouldn't modify temp
// while using cimg.
cv_image<bgr_pixel> cimg(temp);
// Detect faces
std::vector<rectangle> faces = detector(cimg);
// Find the pose of each face.
std::vector<full_object_detection> shapes;
for (unsigned long i = 0; i < faces.size(); ++i)
shapes.push_back(pose_model(cimg, faces[i]));
// Display it all on the screen
win.clear_overlay();
win.set_image(cimg);
win.add_overlay(render_face_detections(shapes));
waitKey(20);
}
}
catch (serialization_error& e)
{
cout << "You need dlib's default face landmarking model file to run this example." << endl;
cout << "You can get it from the following URL: " << endl;
cout << " http://dlib.net/files/shape_predictor_68_face_landmarks.dat.bz2" << endl;
cout << endl << e.what() << endl;
}
catch (exception& e)
{
cout << e.what() << endl;
}
getch();
}
So please guide me on this.
I am very new to C++ programming and have stumbled across a behaviour that confuses me and makes my coding harder. I have searched for answer a bit and could not find anything - I have also scrolled through C++ reference pages and that did not help either (please don't crucify me if the answer is in there - the page isn't role model for explaining things). Maybe I am missing something really obvious.
Could someone explain, the following behaviour of std::unordered_map ?
std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> test_map;
test_map["test_key_1"] = "test_value_1";
test_map["test_key_2"] = "test_value_2";
std::cout << "'test_key_1' value: " << test_map["test_key_1"] << std::endl; // This returns "test_value_1"
std::cout << "test_map size before erase: " << test_map.size() << std::endl; // This returns 2
test_map.erase("test_key_1");
std::cout << "test_map size after erase: " << test_map.size() << std::endl; // This returns 1
std::cout << "'test_key_1' value after erase: " << test_map["test_key_1"] << std::endl; // This returns empty string
std::cout << "'non_existing_key' value: " << test_map["non_existing_key"] << std::endl; // This returns empty string
test_map.rehash(test_map.size()); // I am doing this because vague hints from internet, code behaves
// same way without it.
for (std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>::iterator it = test_map.begin();
it != test_map.end(); ++it)
{
std::cout << "Key: " << it->first << std::endl;
}
// Above loop return both 'test_key_1' and 'test_key_2'.
// WHY!?
Why iterator is returning items that were already erased ? How can I make iterator return only items that are present in map ?
I will be grateful for any help, as I am really lost.
You are using operator[] to access previously erased elements which
Returns a reference to the value that is mapped to a key equivalent to key, performing an insertion if such key does not already exist.
If you need just to search for given key, use find method that returns map.end() if element was not found.
I'm trying to write a custom 'driver' for a keyboard (HID, if it matters), under Windows 7. The final goal is having two keyboards connected to the computer, but mapping all of the keys of one of them to special (custom) functions.
My idea is to use libusb-win32 as the 2nd keyboard's driver, and write a small program to read data from the keyboard and act upon it. I've successfully installed the driver, and the device is recognized from my program, but all transfers timeout, even though I'm pressing keys.
here's my code:
struct usb_bus *busses;
struct usb_device *dev;
char buf[1024];
usb_init();
usb_find_busses();
usb_find_devices();
busses = usb_get_busses();
dev = busses->devices;
cout << dev->descriptor.idVendor << '\n' << dev->descriptor.idProduct << '\n';
usb_dev_handle *h = usb_open(dev);
cout << usb_set_configuration(h, 1) << '\n';
cout << usb_claim_interface(h, 0) << '\n';
cout << usb_interrupt_read(h, 129, buf, 1024, 5000) << '\n';
cout << usb_strerror();
cout << usb_release_interface(h, 0) << '\n';
cout << usb_close(h) << '\n';
and it returns:
1133
49941
0
0
-116
libusb0-dll:err [_usb_reap_async] timeout error
0
0
(I'm pressing lots of keys in those 5 seconds)
There's only one bus, one device, one configuration, one interface and one endpoint.
The endpoint has bmAttributes = 3 which implies I should use interrupt transfers (right?)
so why am I not getting anything? Am I misusing libusb? Do you know a way to do this without libusb?
It's pretty simple actually - when reading from the USB device, you must read exactly the right amount of bytes. You know what that amount is by reading wMaxPacketSize.
Apparently a read request with any other size simply results in a timeout.