I'm using Jython 2.latest and I cannot for the life of me figure out how to securely (i.e. not turning off verification) to download an HTTPS link.
All I can seem to find are examples where you turn off validation.
I'm using code like
thefile = urllib2.urlopen("https://example.com/index.php")
with open(save_path, 'wb') as output:
output.write(thefile.read())
logging.info("Successfully downloaded %s", save_path)
But I get a handshake error, totally expected.
So I've generated the ssl cert:
openssl s_client -showcerts -connect example.com:443 </dev/null 2>/dev/null|openssl x509 -outform PEM >example.pem
So now I have the PEM file. Now what do I do, does anyone know? Am I stuck installing the PEM file into the keystore?
Link here: Problem with Jython urllib2.urlopen for HTTPS pages says that you can only add it to the java keystore.
I'm trying to write a script that will list all installed certificates in the keychain and compare them to the creation/expiration dates of certificates from the Apple dev portal.
I've looked at the documentation for security ( https://developer.apple.com/legacy/library/documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man1/security.1.html ) and openssl, but I can't seem to pass a cert from one to the other.
The alternative is to use the Security.framework directly, but I don't see any obvious method for dumping the creation/expiry dates for certificates.
Any guidance?
At the command line, I think you could do security find-certificate -a -p and then split up the returned PEM-encoded certificates to feed them to openssl x509 -inform PEM .... one by one.
In code, you can enumerate certificates using SecItemCopyMatching with kSecClass=kSecClassCertificate and kSecMatchLimit=kSecMatchLimitAll. You might be able to get the certificate's expiration date using SecCertificateCopyValues(), but if not, you could get the certificate itself (as a DER-encoded blob) using SecCertificateCopyData() and pipe it to openssl x509 -inform DER .....
have installed the gpg4win version 2.2. I have Successfully created the certificate using gpgsm --gen-key > test.p10
I want to export the created certificate request into pkcs12 format with gpgsm --export-secret-key-p12, but while exporting into p12 i get the error message "No Secret key"
When i run gpgsm --list-secret-keys on command prompt,it indeed displays nothing.
Why would the export step is fail? and where the secret keys are present while generating certificates?
I have Successfully created the certificate using gpgsm --gen-key > test.p10
GpgSM from gpg4win-2.x only can generate certificate signing requests.
It stores the secret part of your certificate under %APPDATA%\gnupg\private-keys-v1.d and prints out the signing request. That singing request is supposed to be sent to a Certificate Authority that signs your certificate (like cacert).
You then import the signed certificate and it will then show up unter --list-secret-keys and will be exportable.
With GnuPG 2.1 (can be downloaded as windows installer from gnupg.org) you are asked when generating a key if you want to selfsign it. In that case your "test.p10" would contain the signed certificate that you can then import into gpgsm and use / export it directly without the need for a CA.
i'm applying a digital signature to my executable. Using signtool on Windows XP or Windows Vista:
>signtool.exe sign /f "avatar.pfx" MyApp.exe
automatically included the entire certification chain in the digital signature.
Starting with Windows 7 the entire certification chain is no longer included. You must manually include the certificate that:
signed your key
signed the certificate that signed your key
...
...until there are no more certificates to include
i am told that i have to do this using the /ac switch with the signtool utility.
From MSDN documentation of signtool:
/ac FileName
Specifies a file that contains an additional certificate to add to the signature block.
How do i get the filename of the certificate that signed my certificate?
It's more confusing because i don't have any such file. i have my digitally signed executable with no embedded certification chain:
Stackoverflow user davidcl had the same question. In this self-answered answer he says that i need to
do the signing using a PFX file that contains the root certificate, intermediate certificate, developer certificate, and private key.
After creating the appropriate PFX file - which was an odyssey in itself...
But he doesn't give how he created the PFX that contains the entire certification chain.
See also
How can I sign an ActiveX control with a code signing certificate and be a verified publisher?
Signing WinForms ClickOnce app with Certificate Chain
ClickOnce: Certificate cannot be validated
How to include entire certification path when signing code with signtool?
Install OpenSSL for Windows. Once accomplished, you have the openssl.exe executable somewhere on your system.
Now proceed as follows.
openssl pkcs12 -in avatar.pfx -out avatar.pem -nodes
(You need to enter the .pfx password here)
openssl pkcs12 -in avatar.pfx -out mycert.pem -nodes -clcerts
(again the PW)
openssl x509 -in mycert.pem -out mycert.cer -outform DER
Now open your Explorer and double-click on the mycert.cer. View the details and somewhere it will talk about an issuer. This is the company that issued your key store, your next goal is to get their intermediate certificates and the final root certificate. If you are lucky, there is an extension called "Authority Information Access" in your certificate that tells you where to get the issuing certificate directly. If you are not so lucky, then you will find a URL for OCSP access in the "Authority Information Access" or a URL for CRLs in the extension "CRL Distribution Points". These should at least give you a vague idea of the vendor's "homepage". In case of doubt, just google around, or ask me again :)
If you are on the vendor's page, you will have to watch out for "CA certificates" or "Intermediate Certificates". You need to download the one whose name is exactly the same as what you found in the "Issuer" field of your own certificate.
Now the funny part: The certificate you just found will again have an "Issuer" field. Lucky you if the issuer is the same company (typically the case for large CAs such as VeriSign), then you will find the corresponding certificate on the same site you are currently on. If not, repeat the previous steps.
Repeat this cumbersome procedure until you're at a point where you have found a certificate whose "Subject" field is exactly the same as its "Issuer" field. You're done then. This is a so-called "self-signed root certificate".
Most of these certificates will come in "DER"/"ASN.1"/"X.509" format - if you have the choice, download "PEM" format, otherwise you will first need to convert the certificates into "PEM" format by
openssl x509 -in cert.der -inform DER -out cert.pem
Once you have all the missing certificates in PEM format
open the initial file created in step 1, avatar.pem, in a text editor.
open the missing certificate PEM files in separate windows
copy the missing certificates (the entire file, including the "----- BEGIN CERTIFICATE -----" and "----- END CERTIFICATE -----") and append them to avatar.pem
save the result
issue
openssl pkcs12 -export -in avatar.pem -out newavatar.pfx -name ""
You will have to enter a new password that is to be used with the new file.
Minor addendum to Ian's comment above "In the end I had a much easier way to get a .cer...". These days when you export your code signing pfx from the Thawte webpage, you can specify that you want the entire chain included. Hence you can import the pfx with certmgr.msc and then export the single Thawte intermediate certificate as a codesign.cer file. Then use that with the signtool /ac switch. No need to have an old signed app. Be sure to delete your temp certificate in the store, so your test of the newly signed app is valid. --William Croft
I need .pfx file to install https on website on IIS.
I have two separate files: certificate (.cer or pem) and private key (.crt) but IIS accepts only .pfx files.
I obviously installed certificate and it is available in certificate manager (mmc) but when I select Certificate Export Wizard I cannot select PFX format (it's greyed out)
Are there any tools to do that or C# examples of doing that programtically?
You will need to use openssl.
openssl pkcs12 -export -out domain.name.pfx -inkey domain.name.key -in domain.name.crt
The key file is just a text file with your private key in it.
If you have a root CA and intermediate certs, then include them as well using multiple -in params
openssl pkcs12 -export -out domain.name.pfx -inkey domain.name.key -in domain.name.crt -in intermediate.crt -in rootca.crt
If you have a bundled crt file that you use, for example, with nginx, you can pass that in along with the cert all in one:
cat domain.name.crt | tee -a domain.name.bundled.crt
cat intermediate.crt | tee -a domain.name.bundled.crt
cat rootca.crt | tee -a domain.name.bundled.crt
openssl pkcs12 -export -out domain.name.pfx \
-inkey domain.name.key \
-in domain.name.bundled.crt
You can install openssl from here: openssl
If you're looking for a Windows GUI, check out DigiCert. I just used this and it was fairly simple.
Under the SSL tab, I first Imported the Certificate. Then once I selected the Certificate I was able to export as a PFX, both with and without a keyfile.
https://www.digicert.com/util
The Microsoft Pvk2Pfx command line utility seems to have the functionality you need:
Pvk2Pfx (Pvk2Pfx.exe) is a command-line tool copies public key and private key information contained in .spc, .cer, and .pvk files to a Personal Information Exchange (.pfx) file.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/ff550672(v=vs.85).aspx
Note: if you need/want/prefer a C# solution, then you may want to consider using the http://www.bouncycastle.org/ api.
You do NOT need openssl or makecert or any of that. You also don't need the personal key given to you by your CA. I can almost guarantee that the problem is that you expect to be able to use the key and cer files provided by your CA but they aren't based on "the IIS way".
SSL Certs for IIS with PFX once and for all - SSL and IIS Explained - http://rainabba.blogspot.com/2014/03/ssl-certs-for-iis-with-pfx-once-and-for.html
Use IIS "Server Certificates" UI to "Generate Certificate Request" (the details of this request are out of the scope of this article but those details are critical). This will give you a CSR prepped for IIS. You then give that CSR to your CA and ask for a certificate. Then you take the CER/CRT file they give you, go back to IIS, "Complete Certificate Request" in the same place you generated the request. It may ask for a .CER and you might have a .CRT. They are the same thing. Just change the extension or use the . extension drop-down to select your .CRT. Now provide a proper "friendly name" (*.yourdomain.example, yourdomain.example, foo.yourdomain.example, etc..) THIS IS IMPORTANT! This MUST match what you setup the CSR for and what your CA provided you. If you asked for a wildcard, your CA must have approved and generated a wildcard and you must use the same. If your CSR was generated for foo.yourdomain.example, you MUST provide the same at this step.
Solution for Windows that doesn't require OpenSSL installed
I recently was trying to solve the same issue - and I only had a windows laptop with no openssl installed (and no enough admin rights to install it). Turns out windows has built-in utility called certutil that is capable of combining .crt and .key files into .pfx. Docs are here.
You need to create a new folder and place you .crt and key files in it. Rename both files to have the same name (but different extension):
{{sitename}}.crt
{{siteName}}.key
In case your key file is a regular txt - just change extension to .key.
After that open cmd in that folder and run certutil -mergepfx [INPUTFILE] [OUTPUTFILE]
Example:
certificate file: mySite.crt
key file: mySite.key
certutil command: certutil -mergepfx mySite.crt mySite.pfx
Note: you will be asked to provide password for newly created .pfx file - don't forget to memorise/store it - as it will be required during certificate import on the target system.
I created .pfx file from .key and .pem files.
Like this openssl pkcs12 -inkey rootCA.key -in rootCA.pem -export -out rootCA.pfx
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff699202.aspx
(( relevant quotes from the article are below ))
Next, you have to create the .pfx file that you will use to sign your deployments. Open a Command Prompt window, and type the following command:
PVK2PFX –pvk yourprivatekeyfile.pvk –spc yourcertfile.cer –pfx yourpfxfile.pfx –po yourpfxpassword
where:
pvk - yourprivatekeyfile.pvk is the private key file that you created in step 4.
spc - yourcertfile.cer is the certificate file you created in step 4.
pfx - yourpfxfile.pfx is the name of the .pfx file that will be creating.
po - yourpfxpassword is the password that you want to assign to the .pfx file. You will be prompted for this password when you add the .pfx file to a project in Visual Studio for the first time.
(Optionally (and not for the OP, but for future readers), you can create the .cer and .pvk file from scratch) (you would do this BEFORE the above). Note the mm/dd/yyyy are placeholders for start and end dates. see msdn article for full documentation.
makecert -sv yourprivatekeyfile.pvk -n "CN=My Certificate Name" yourcertfile.cer -b mm/dd/yyyy -e mm/dd/yyyy -r
From this links:
https://serverfault.com/a/224127/569310
https://stackoverflow.com/a/49784278/7856894
https://stackoverflow.com/a/17284371/7856894
If you need, use this simple command sequence with OpenSSL to generate filessl.key (SSL certificate key file), and filessl.crt (SSL certificate file):
openssl genrsa 2048 > filessl.key
chmod 400 filessl.key
openssl req -new -x509 -nodes -sha256 -days 365 -key filessl.key -out filessl.crt
Until here you must respond to the interactive form (you can find reference info like req.cnf from this other post: https://stackoverflow.com/a/49784278/7856894)
Then, continue with this last command, which will ask you type the Export Password:
openssl pkcs12 -export -out filessl.pfx -inkey filessl.key -in filessl.crt
Ready, it generated your SSL certificate file in .PFX (or .P12) format: filessl.pfx.
This is BY FAR the easiest way to convert *.cer to *.pfx files:
Just download the portable certificate converter from DigiCert:
https://www.digicert.com/util/pfx-certificate-management-utility-import-export-instructions.htm
Execute it, select a file and get your *.pfx!!
You need to use the makecert tool.
Open a command prompt as admin and type the following:
makecert -sky exchange -r -n "CN=<CertificateName>" -pe -a sha1 -len 2048 -ss My "<CertificateName>.cer"
Where <CertifcateName> = the name of your cert to create.
Then you can open the Certificate Manager snap-in for the management console by typing certmgr.msc in the Start menu, click personal > certificates > and your cert should be available.
Here is an article.
https://azure.microsoft.com/documentation/articles/cloud-services-certs-create/
I got a link with your requirement.Combine CRT and KEY Files into a PFX with OpenSSL
Extracts from the above link:
First we need to extract the root CA certificate from the existing
.crt file, because we need this later. So open up the .crt and click
on the Certification Path tab.
Click the topmost certificate (In this case VeriSign) and hit View
Certificate. Select the Details tab and hit Copy to File…
Select Base-64 encoded X.509 (.CER) certificate Save it as rootca.cer
or something similar. Place it in the same folder as the other files.
Rename it from rootca.cer to rootca.crt Now we should have 3 files in
our folder from which we can create a PFX file.
Here is where we need OpenSSL. We can either download and install it
on Windows, or simply open terminal on OSX.
EDIT:
There is a support link with step by step information on how to do install the certificate.
After successfully install, export the certificate, choose .pfx format, include private key.
Important Note: : To export the certificate in .pfx format you need to follow the steps on the same machine from which you have requested the certificate.
The imported file can be uploaded to server.
When you say the certificate is available in MMC, is it available under "Current User" or "Local Computer"? I've found that I can only export the private key if it is under Local Computer.
You can add the snap in for Certificates to MMC and choose which account it should manage certificates for. Choose Local Computer. If your certificate is not there, import it by right clicking the store and choosing All Tasks > Import.
Now navigate to your imported certificate under the Local Computer version of the certificate snap in. Right click the certificate and choose All Tasks > Export. The second page of the export wizard should ask if you want to export the private key. Select Yes. The PFX option will now be the only one available (it is grayed out if you select no and the option to export the private key isn't available under the Current User account).
You'll be asked to set a password for the PFX file and then to set the certificate name.
I was trying openssl on macbook with libreSSL v2.8.3 and was getting error "No certificate matches private key". I had one domain cert, 2 intermediates and 1 root cert. So I used following command which worked successfully:
openssl pkcs12 -export -clcerts -inkey private.csr.key -in domain.name.crt -certfile intermediate1.crt -certfile intermediate2.crt -certfile root.crt -out domain.name.p12 -name "Your Name"
It will ask for a password that will be used during import. This command will generate a .p12 file which can be renamed to .pfx as both are same.
I was having the same issue. My problem was that the computer that generated the initial certificate request had crashed before the extended ssl validation process was completed. I needed to generate a new private key and then import the updated certificate from the certificate provider. If the private key doesn't exist on your computer then you can't export the certificate as pfx. They option is greyed out.
I would like to promote the "X certificate and key manager" or xca.exe, it's like a GUI version of OpenSSL. With that you can generate the pfx file by the following steps:
Import private key in the "Private Keys" tab;
Import the certificate in the "Certificates" tab;
Generate the pfx file by selecting the certificate and then "Export", select PKCS #12 as the format.
That's it.
In most of the cases, if you are unable to export the certificate as a PFX (including the private key) is because MMC/IIS cannot find/don't have access to the private key (used to generate the CSR). These are the steps I followed to fix this issue:
Run MMC as Admin
Generate the CSR using MMC. Follow this instructions to make the certificate exportable.
Once you get the certificate from the CA (crt + p7b), import them (Personal\Certificates, and Intermediate Certification Authority\Certificates)
IMPORTANT: Right-click your new certificate (Personal\Certificates) All Tasks..Manage Private Key, and assign permissions to your account or Everyone (risky!). You can go back to previous permissions once you have finished.
Now, right-click the certificate and select All Tasks..Export, and you should be able to export the certificate including the private key as a PFX file, and you can upload it to Azure!
Hope this helps!
I've written a small console app which converts a PEM certificate file and a private key file to one .pfx PKCS12 certificate file.
It uses BouncyCastle library.
My Github repo: https://github.com/nklkli/PEM-to-PKCS12
Feel free to modify the code to create password protected *.pfx.
openssl pkcs12 -export -in certificate.cer -inkey privateKey.key -out certificate.pfx