Understanding Hello World's lea macOS x86-64 [duplicate] - macos

Question

Consider the following variable reference in x64 Intel assembly, where the variable a is declared in the .data section:
mov eax, dword ptr [rip + _a]
I have trouble understanding how this variable reference works. Since a is a symbol corresponding to the runtime address of the variable (with relocation), how can [rip + _a] dereference the correct memory location of a? Indeed, rip holds the address of the current instruction, which is a large positive integer, so the addition results in an incorrect address of a?
Conversely, if I use x86 syntax (which is very intuitive):
mov eax, dword ptr [_a]
, I get the following error: 32-bit absolute addressing is not supported in 64-bit mode.
Any explanation?
1 int a = 5;
2
3 int main() {
4 int b = a;
5 return b;
6 }
Compilation: gcc -S -masm=intel abs_ref.c -o abs_ref:
1 .section __TEXT,__text,regular,pure_instructions
2 .build_version macos, 10, 14
3 .intel_syntax noprefix
4 .globl _main ## -- Begin function main
5 .p2align 4, 0x90
6 _main: ## #main
7 .cfi_startproc
8 ## %bb.0:
9 push rbp
10 .cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
11 .cfi_offset rbp, -16
12 mov rbp, rsp
13 .cfi_def_cfa_register rbp
14 mov dword ptr [rbp - 4], 0
15 mov eax, dword ptr [rip + _a]
16 mov dword ptr [rbp - 8], eax
17 mov eax, dword ptr [rbp - 8]
18 pop rbp
19 ret
20 .cfi_endproc
21 ## -- End function
22 .section __DATA,__data
23 .globl _a ## #a
24 .p2align 2
25 _a:
26 .long 5 ## 0x5
27
28
29 .subsections_via_symbols

Answer 1

GAS syntax for RIP-relative addressing looks like symbol + current_address (RIP), but it actually means symbol with respect to RIP.
There's an inconsistency with numeric literals:
[rip + 10] or AT&T 10(%rip) means 10 bytes past the end of this instruction
[rip + a] or AT&T a(%rip) means to calculate a rel32 displacement to reach a, not RIP + symbol value. (The GAS manual documents this special interpretation)
[a] or AT&T a is an absolute address, using a disp32 addressing mode. This isn't supported on OS X, where the image base address is always outside the low 32 bits. (Or for mov to/from al/ax/eax/rax, a 64-bit absolute moffs encoding is available, but you don't want that).
Linux position-dependent executables do put static code/data in the low 31 bits (2GiB) of virtual address space, so you can/should use mov edi, sym there, but on OS X your best option is lea rdi, [sym+RIP] if you need an address in a register. Unable to move variables in .data to registers with Mac x86 Assembly.
(In OS X, the convention is that C variable/function names are prepended with _ in asm. In hand-written asm you don't have to do this for symbols you don't want to access from C.)
NASM is much less confusing in this respect:
[rel a] means RIP-relative addressing for [a]
[abs a] means [disp32].
default rel or default abs sets what's used for [a]. The default is (unfortunately) default abs, so you almost always want a default rel.
Example with .set symbol values vs. a label
.intel_syntax noprefix
mov dword ptr [sym + rip], 0x11111111
sym:
.equ x, 8
inc byte ptr [x + rip]
.set y, 32
inc byte ptr [y + rip]
.set z, sym
inc byte ptr [z + rip]
gcc -nostdlib foo.s && objdump -drwC -Mintel a.out (on Linux; I don't have OS X):
0000000000001000 <sym-0xa>:
1000: c7 05 00 00 00 00 11 11 11 11 mov DWORD PTR [rip+0x0],0x11111111 # 100a <sym> # rel32 = 0; it's from the end of the instruction not the end of the rel32 or anywhere else.
000000000000100a <sym>:
100a: fe 05 08 00 00 00 inc BYTE PTR [rip+0x8] # 1018 <sym+0xe>
1010: fe 05 20 00 00 00 inc BYTE PTR [rip+0x20] # 1036 <sym+0x2c>
1016: fe 05 ee ff ff ff inc BYTE PTR [rip+0xffffffffffffffee] # 100a <sym>
(Disassembling the .o with objdump -dr will show you that there aren't any relocations for the linker to fill in, they were all done at assemble time.)
Notice that only .set z, sym resulted in a with-respect-to calculation. x and y were original from plain numeric literals, not labels, so even though the instruction itself used [x + RIP], we still got [RIP + 8].
(Linux non-PIE only): To address absolute 8 wrt. RIP, you'd need AT&T syntax incb 8-.(%rip). I don't know how to write that in GAS intel_syntax; [8 - . + RIP] is rejected with Error: invalid operands (*ABS* and .text sections) for '-'.
Of course you can't do that anyway on OS X, except maybe for absolute addresses that are in range of the image base. But there's probably no relocation that can hold the 64-bit absolute address to be calculated for a 32-bit rel32.
Related:
How to load address of function or label into register AT&T version of this
32-bit absolute addresses no longer allowed in x86-64 Linux? PIE vs. non-PIE executables, when you have to use position-independent code.