Related
We have a text file with 4 lines and a different number of words and i want to count the words per line and see if the number is even or odd but the result keeps saying
./oddwords.sh: line 14: syntax error near unexpected token `then'
./oddwords.sh: line 14: ` if[ n % 2 == 0 ]; then'
This is what ive done so far
#!/bin/bash
if [ $# -ne 1 ] ; then
{
echo "Wrong number of arguments!"
exit 1
}
fi
while read line ; do
n= echo "$(echo $line | wc -w)"
if[ n % 2 == 0 ]; then
echo "Is even"
else
echo "Is odd"
fi
done < $1
Using double brackets like
if [[ n % 2 == 0 ]]; then
and making the numbers variables at the top instead of just saying 2
a=2
b=1
at the beginning then referencing them later in the if statement like
if [[ $a%2 == 0 ]]; then
if you still have issues try
if [[ $a%2 -eq 0 ]]; then
Here are a couple sites i find useful for checking bash when I get stuck on something as well.
https://www.shellcheck.net/
https://explainshell.com/
Is there a way to do something like this
int a = (b == 5) ? c : d;
using Bash?
ternary operator ? : is just short form of if/else
case "$b" in
5) a=$c ;;
*) a=$d ;;
esac
Or
[[ $b = 5 ]] && a="$c" || a="$d"
Code:
a=$([ "$b" == 5 ] && echo "$c" || echo "$d")
If the condition is merely checking if a variable is set, there's even a shorter form:
a=${VAR:-20}
will assign to a the value of VAR if VAR is set, otherwise it will assign it the default value 20 -- this can also be a result of an expression.
This approach is technically called "Parameter Expansion".
if [[ $b -eq 5 ]]; then a="$c"; else a="$d"; fi
The cond && op1 || op2 expression suggested in other answers has an inherent bug: if op1 has a nonzero exit status, op2 silently becomes the result; the error will also not be caught in -e mode. So, that expression is only safe to use if op1 can never fail (e.g., :, true if a builtin, or variable assignment without any operations that can fail (like division and OS calls)).
Note the "" quotes. They will prevent translation of all whitespace into single spaces.
Double square brackets as opposed to single ones prevent incorrect operation if $b is equal to a test operator (e.g. "-z"; a workaround with [ is [ "x$b" == "xyes" ] and it only works for string comparison); they also lift the requirement for quoting.
(( a = b==5 ? c : d )) # string + numeric
[ $b == 5 ] && { a=$c; true; } || a=$d
This will avoid executing the part after || by accident when the code between && and || fails.
We can use following three ways in Shell Scripting for ternary operator :
[ $numVar == numVal ] && resVar="Yop" || resVar="Nop"
Or
resVar=$([ $numVar == numVal ] && echo "Yop" || echo "Nop")
Or
(( numVar == numVal ? (resVar=1) : (resVar=0) ))
Update: Extending the answer for string computations with below ready-to-run example. This is making use of second format mentioned above.
$ strVar='abc';resVar=$([[ $strVar == 'abc' ]] && echo "Yop" || echo "Nop");echo $resVar
Yop
$ strVar='aaa';resVar=$([[ $strVar == 'abc' ]] && echo "Yop" || echo "Nop");echo $resVar
Nop
The let command supports most of the basic operators one would need:
let a=b==5?c:d;
Naturally, this works only for assigning variables; it cannot execute other commands.
Here is another option where you only have to specify the variable you're assigning once, and it doesn't matter whether what your assigning is a string or a number:
VARIABLE=`[ test ] && echo VALUE_A || echo VALUE_B`
Just a thought. :)
There's also a very similar but simpler syntax for ternary conditionals in bash:
a=$(( b == 5 ? 123 : 321 ))
The following seems to work for my use cases:
Examples
$ tern 1 YES NO
YES
$ tern 0 YES NO
NO
$ tern 52 YES NO
YES
$ tern 52 YES NO 52
NO
and can be used in a script like so:
RESULT=$(tern 1 YES NO)
echo "The result is $RESULT"
tern
#!/usr/bin/env bash
function show_help()
{
ME=$(basename "$0")
IT=$(cat <<EOF
Returns a ternary result
usage: BOOLEAN VALUE_IF_TRUE VALUE_IF_FALSE
e.g.
# YES
$ME 1 YES NO
# NO
$ME 0 YES NO
# NO
$ME "" YES NO
# YES
$ME "STRING THAT ISNT BLANK OR 0" YES NO
# INFO contains NO
INFO=\$($ME 0 YES NO)
EOF
)
echo "$IT"
echo
exit
}
if [ "$1" = "help" ] || [ "$1" = '?' ] || [ "$1" = "--help" ] || [ "$1" = "h" ]; then
show_help
fi
if [ -z "$3" ]
then
show_help
fi
# Set a default value for what is "false" -> 0
FALSE_VALUE=${4:-0}
function main
{
if [ "$1" == "$FALSE_VALUE" ] || [ "$1" = '' ]; then
echo $3
exit;
fi;
echo $2
}
main "$1" "$2" "$3"
Here's a general solution, that
works with string tests as well
feels rather like an expression
avoids any subtle side effects when the condition fails
Test with numerical comparison
a=$(if [ "$b" -eq 5 ]; then echo "$c"; else echo "$d"; fi)
Test with String comparison
a=$(if [ "$b" = "5" ]; then echo "$c"; else echo "$d"; fi)
(ping -c1 localhost&>/dev/null) && { echo "true"; } || { echo "false"; }
You can use this if you want similar syntax
a=$(( $((b==5)) ? c : d ))
Some people have already presented some nice alternatives. I wanted to get the syntax as close as possible, so I wrote a function named ?.
This allows for the syntax:
[[ $x -eq 1 ]]; ? ./script1 : ./script2
# or
? '[[ $x -eq 1 ]]' ./script1 : ./script2
In both cases, the : is optional. All arguments that have spaces, the values must be quoted since it runs them with eval.
If the <then> or <else> clauses aren't commands, the function echos the proper value.
./script; ? Success! : "Failure :("
The function
?() {
local lastRet=$?
if [[ $1 == --help || $1 == -? ]]; then
echo $'\e[37;1mUsage:\e[0m
? [<condition>] <then> [:] <else>
If \e[37;1m<then>\e[0m and/or \e[37;1m<else>\e[0m are not valid commands, then their values are
printed to stdOut, otherwise they are executed. If \e[37;1m<condition>\e[0m is not
specified, evaluates the return code ($?) of the previous statement.
\e[37;1mExamples:\e[0m
myVar=$(? "[[ $x -eq 1 ]] foo bar)
\e[32;2m# myVar is set to "foo" if x is 1, else it is set to "bar"\e[0m
? "[[ $x = *foo* ]] "cat hello.txt" : "cat goodbye.txt"
\e[32;2m# runs cat on "hello.txt" if x contains the word "foo", else runs cat on
# "goodbye.txt"\e[0m
? "[[ $x -eq 1 ]] "./script1" "./script2"; ? "Succeeded!" "Failed :("
\e[32;2m# If x = 1, runs script1, else script2. If the run script succeeds, prints
# "Succeeded!", else prints "failed".\e[0m'
return
elif ! [[ $# -eq 2 || $# -eq 3 || $# -eq 4 && $3 == ':' ]]; then
1>&2 echo $'\e[37;1m?\e[0m requires 2 to 4 arguments
\e[37;1mUsage\e[0m: ? [<condition>] <then> [:] <else>
Run \e[37;1m? --help\e[0m for more details'
return 1
fi
local cmd
if [[ $# -eq 2 || $# -eq 3 && $2 == ':' ]]; then
cmd="[[ $lastRet -eq 0 ]]"
else
cmd="$1"
shift
fi
if [[ $2 == ':' ]]; then
eval "set -- '$1' '$3'"
fi
local result=$(eval "$cmd" && echo "$1" || echo "$2")
if command -v ${result[0]} &> /dev/null; then
eval "${result[#]}"
else
echo "${result[#]}"
fi
}
Obviously if you want the script to be shorter, you can remove the help text.
EDIT: I was unaware that ? acts as a placeholder character in a file name. Rather than matching any number of characters like *, it matches exactly one character. So, if you have a one-character file in your working directory, bash will try to run the filename as a command. I'm not sure how to get around this. I thought using command "?" ...args might work but, no dice.
Simplest ternary
brew list | grep -q bat && echo 'yes' || echo 'no'
This example will determine if you used homebrew to install bat or not yet
If true you will see "yes"
If false you will see "no"
I added the -q to suppress the grepped string output here, so you only see "yes" or "no"
Really the pattern you seek is this
doSomethingAndCheckTruth && echo 'yes' || echo 'no'
Tested with bash and zsh
Here are some options:
1- Use if then else in one line, it is possible.
if [[ "$2" == "raiz" ]] || [[ "$2" == '.' ]]; then pasta=''; else pasta="$2"; fi
2- Write a function like this:
# Once upon a time, there was an 'iif' function in MS VB ...
function iif(){
# Echoes $2 if 1,banana,true,etc and $3 if false,null,0,''
case $1 in ''|false|FALSE|null|NULL|0) echo $3;;*) echo $2;;esac
}
use inside script like this
result=`iif "$expr" 'yes' 'no'`
# or even interpolating:
result=`iif "$expr" "positive" "negative, because $1 is not true"`
3- Inspired in the case answer, a more flexible and one line use is:
case "$expr" in ''|false|FALSE|null|NULL|0) echo "no...$expr";;*) echo "yep $expr";;esac
# Expression can be something like:
expr=`expr "$var1" '>' "$var2"`
This is much like Vladimir's fine answer. If your "ternary" is a case of "if true, string, if false, empty", then you can simply do:
$ c="it was five"
$ b=3
$ a="$([[ $b -eq 5 ]] && echo "$c")"
$ echo $a
$ b=5
$ a="$([[ $b -eq 5 ]] && echo "$c")"
$ echo $a
it was five
A string-oriented alternative, that uses an array:
spec=(IGNORE REPLACE)
for p in {13..15}; do
echo "$p: ${spec[p==14]}";
done
which outputs:
13: IGNORE
14: REPLACE
15: IGNORE
to answer to : int a = (b == 5) ? c : d;
just write:
b=5
c=1
d=2
let a="(b==5)?c:d"
echo $a # 1
b=6;
c=1;
d=2;
let a="(b==5)?c:d"
echo $a # 2
remember that " expression " is equivalent to $(( expression ))
Two more answers
Here's some ways of thinking about this
bash integer variables
In addition to, dutCh, Vladimir and ghostdog74's corrects answers and because this question is regarding integer and tagged bash:
Is there a way to do something like this
int a = (b == 5) ? c : d;
There is a nice and proper way to work with integers under bash:
declare -i b=' RANDOM % 3 + 4 ' c=100 d=50 a=' b == 5 ? c : d '; echo $b '-->' $a
The output line from this command should by one of:
4 --> 50
5 --> 100
6 --> 50
Of course, declaring integer type of variable is to be done once:
declare -i a b c d
c=100 d=50 b=RANDOM%3+4
a=' b == 5 ? c : d '
echo $a $b
100 5
b=12 a=b==5?c:d
echo $a $b
50 12
Digression: Using a string as a math function:
mathString=' b == 5 ? c : d '
b=5 a=$mathString
echo $a $b
100 5
b=1 a=$mathString
echo $a $b
50 1
Based on parameter expansion and indirection
Following answers from Brad Parks and druid62, here is a way not limited to integer:
c=50 d=100 ar=([5]=c)
read -p 'Enter B: ' b
e=${ar[b]:-d};echo ${!e}
If b==5, then ar[b] is c and indirection do c is 50.
Else ar[any value other than 5] is empty, so parameter expansion will default to d, where indirection give 100.
Same demo using an array instead of an integer
ternArrayDemo(){
local -a c=(foo bar) d=(foo bar baz) e=(empty) ar=([5]=c [2]=d)
local b=${ar[$1]:-e}
b+=[#] # For array indirection
printf ' - %s\n' "${!b}"
}
Then
ternArrayDemo 0
- empty
ternArrayDemo 2
- foo
- bar
- baz
ternArrayDemo 4
- empty
ternArrayDemo 5
- foo
- bar
ternArrayDemo 6
- empty
Or using associative arrays
ternAssocArrayDemo(){
local -a c=(foo bar) d=(foo bar baz) e=(empty)
local -A ar=([foo]=c[#] [bar]=d[#] [baz]=d[-1])
local b=${ar[$1]:-e[#]}
printf ' - %s\n' "${!b}"
}
Then
ternAssocArrayDemo hello
- empty
ternAssocArrayDemo foo
- foo
- bar
ternAssocArrayDemo bar
- foo
- bar
- baz
ternAssocArrayDemo baz
- baz
The top answer [[ $b = 5 ]] && a="$c" || a="$d" should only be used if you are certain there will be no error after the &&, otherwise it will incorrectly excute the part after the ||.
To solve that problem I wrote a ternary function that behaves as it should and it even uses the ? and : operators:
Edit - new solution
Here is my new solution that does not use $IFS nor ev(a/i)l.
function executeCmds()
{
declare s s1 s2 i j k
declare -A cmdParts
declare pIFS=$IFS
IFS=$'\n'
declare results=($(echo "$1" | grep -oP '{ .*? }'))
IFS=$pIFS
s="$1"
for ((i=0; i < ${#results[#]}; i++)); do
s="${s/${results[$i]}/'\0'}"
results[$i]="${results[$i]:2:${#results[$i]}-3}"
results[$i]=$(echo ${results[$i]%%";"*})
done
s="$s&&"
let cmdParts[t]=0
while :; do
i=${cmdParts[t]}
let cmdParts[$i,t]=0
s1="${s%%"&&"*}||"
while :; do
j=${cmdParts[$i,t]}
let cmdParts[$i,$j,t]=0
s2="${s1%%"||"*};"
while :; do
cmdParts[$i,$j,${cmdParts[$i,$j,t]}]=$(echo ${s2%%";"*})
s2=${s2#*";"}
let cmdParts[$i,$j,t]++
[[ $s2 ]] && continue
break
done
s1=${s1#*"||"}
let cmdParts[$i,t]++
[[ $s1 ]] && continue
break
done
let cmdParts[t]++
s=${s#*"&&"}
[[ $s ]] && continue
break
done
declare lastError=0
declare skipNext=false
for ((i=0; i < ${cmdParts[t]}; i++ )) ; do
let j=0
while :; do
let k=0
while :; do
if $skipNext; then
skipNext=false
else
if [[ "${cmdParts[$i,$j,$k]}" == "\0" ]]; then
executeCmds "${results[0]}" && lastError=0 || lastError=1
results=("${results[#]:1}")
elif [[ "${cmdParts[$i,$j,$k]:0:1}" == "!" || "${cmdParts[$i,$j,$k]:0:1}" == "-" ]]; then
[ ${cmdParts[$i,$j,$k]} ] && lastError=0 || lastError=1
else
${cmdParts[$i,$j,$k]}
lastError=$?
fi
if (( k+1 < cmdParts[$i,$j,t] )); then
skipNext=false
elif (( j+1 < cmdParts[$i,t] )); then
(( lastError==0 )) && skipNext=true || skipNext=false
elif (( i+1 < cmdParts[t] )); then
(( lastError==0 )) && skipNext=false || skipNext=true
fi
fi
let k++
[[ $k<${cmdParts[$i,$j,t]} ]] || break
done
let j++
[[ $j<${cmdParts[$i,t]} ]] || break
done
done
return $lastError
}
function t()
{
declare commands="$#"
find="$(echo ?)"
replace='?'
commands="${commands/$find/$replace}"
readarray -d '?' -t statement <<< "$commands"
condition=${statement[0]}
readarray -d ':' -t statement <<< "${statement[1]}"
success="${statement[0]}"
failure="${statement[1]}"
executeCmds "$condition" || { executeCmds "$failure"; return; }
executeCmds "$success"
}
executeCmds separates each command individually, apart from the ones that should be skipped due to the && and || operators. It uses [] whenever a command starts with ! or a flag.
There are two ways to pass commands to it:
Pass the individual commands unquoted but be sure to quote ;, &&, and || operators.
t ls / ? ls qqq '||' echo aaa : echo bbb '&&' ls qq
Pass all the commands quoted:
t 'ls /a ? ls qqq || echo aaa : echo bbb && ls qq'
NB I found no way to pass in && and || operators as parameters unquoted, as they are illegal characters for function names and aliases, and I found no way to override bash operators.
Old solution - uses ev(a/i)l
function t()
{
pIFS=$IFS
IFS="?"
read condition success <<< "$#"
IFS=":"
read success failure <<< "$success"
IFS=$pIFS
eval "$condition" || { eval "$failure" ; return; }
eval "$success"
}
t ls / ? ls qqq '||' echo aaa : echo bbb '&&' ls qq
t 'ls /a ? ls qqq || echo aaa : echo bbb && ls qq'
What about such approach:
# any your function
function check () {
echo 'checking...';
# Change the following to 'true' to emulate a successful execution.
# Note: You can replace check function with any function you wish.
# Be aware in linux false and true are funcitons themselves. see 'help false' for instance.
false;
}
# double check pattern
check && echo 'update' \
|| check || echo 'create';
See how conditional statements works in the RxJs (i.e. filter pipe).
Yes, it is code duplication but more functional approach from my point of view.
I am getting an error which is:
exam.sh: line 5: conditional binary operator expected
exam.sh: line 5: syntax error near `%'
exam.sh: line 5: `if [[ $i % 2 = 0 ]]'
Here is my program code:
#!/bin/bash
i=1;
for user in "$#"
do
if [[ $i % 2 = 0 ]]
then
cd even
mkdir $user
.
else if [[ $i % 3 = 0 ]]
then
cd three
mkdir $user
.
else
cd other
mkdir $user
fi
fi
i=$((i + 1));
done
[[ doesn't do arithmetics. You need (( for that.
if (( i % 2 == 0 ))
Another option is to use $((...)) to generate a C-style
"boolean" that you can test explicitly.
if [ "$(( x % 2 == 0 ))" = 1 ]; then
echo "$x is even"
fi
This is objectively worse than if (( x % 2 == 0 )) in bash, but is useful if you need strict POSIX compliance.
I have this bash script that receives me the error mentioned below. Do you have any explanations?
#! /bin/bash
first=1
second=1
result=2
contor=2
fib()
{
contor=$1
if [ $contor -eq $n ]
then
echo result
else
let $contor++
let result=$first+$second
first=$second
second=$results
fib $contor
fi
}
read n
result=$(fib 2)
echo $reusult
I see at least three problems here:
let $contor++ will actually substitute the value of contor, meaning the expression will be something like let 42++, which is invalid. Get rid of the $.
second=$results will set second to something other than what's in result, which will probably cause an issue when you try to execute let result=$first+$second. Use the correct variable name.
You print the variable reusult at the end, again a mis-spelling.
The way I found those issues is the same way you (or anyone, for that matter) should be finding them in bash, by temporarily putting the following lines at the top of your script to aid debugging:
set -e # stop on error
set -x # echo each interpreted line before execution.
There's are a great help when trying to figure out where the problems lie.
For what it's worth, Fibonacci is usually a bad candidate for recursion since you generally have to calculate things more than once.
That's because calculating fib(1000) as fib(999) + fib(998) usually entails a massive duplication of effort on either side of that + symbol.
That's not actually the case with your code because, while the code is calling itself, the leakage of information across levels really makes it an iterative solution - at no stage are you getting the result of fib(n-1) and fib(n-2) to calculate fib(n).
So, since you have an iterative solution anyway, you may as well remove the last vestiges of recursion and use something like:
#! /bin/bash
fib() {
# Validate input argument to be integer 1...92.
num=$1
if [[ ! ${num} =~ ^[1-9][0-9]*$ ]] ; then
echo "Invalid input '${num}'."
return
fi
if [[ ${num} -gt 92 ]] ; then
echo "Invalid input '${num}'."
return
fi
# First two Fib's are both one.
if [[ ${num} -le 2 ]] ; then
echo "1"
return
fi
# For other Fib's, just iterate keeping previous two.
grandparent=1 ; parent=1 ; child=2
((num -= 3))
while [[ ${num} -gt 0 ]] ; do
((grandparent = parent))
((parent = child))
((child = grandparent + parent))
((num--))
done
echo ${child}
}
# Rather rudimentary test harness.
[[ "$(fib x)" != "Invalid input 'x'." ]] && echo Fail A && exit
[[ "$(fib -7)" != "Invalid input '-7'." ]] && echo Fail B && exit
[[ "$(fib 0)" != "Invalid input '0'." ]] && echo Fail C && exit
[[ "$(fib 93)" != "Invalid input '93'." ]] && echo Fail D && exit
[[ "$(fib 1)" != "1" ]] && echo Fail E && exit
[[ "$(fib 2)" != "1" ]] && echo Fail F && exit
[[ "$(fib 3)" != "2" ]] && echo Fail G && exit
[[ "$(fib 4)" != "3" ]] && echo Fail H && exit
[[ "$(fib 5)" != "5" ]] && echo Fail I && exit
[[ "$(fib 6)" != "8" ]] && echo Fail J && exit
[[ "$(fib 20)" != "6765" ]] && echo Fail K && exit
[[ "$(fib 50)" != "12586269025" ]] && echo Fail L && exit
[[ "$(fib 92)" != "7540113804746346429" ]] && echo Fail M && exit
# User test.
read -p "Which Fibonacci number (>= 1)? " n
result=$(fib $n)
echo $result
You'll notice the input is restricted to the range 1..92. That's because, at some point (92 is the last one that works for me), bash will start giving strange results because of limits of its internal data types.
Is there a way to do something like this
int a = (b == 5) ? c : d;
using Bash?
ternary operator ? : is just short form of if/else
case "$b" in
5) a=$c ;;
*) a=$d ;;
esac
Or
[[ $b = 5 ]] && a="$c" || a="$d"
Code:
a=$([ "$b" == 5 ] && echo "$c" || echo "$d")
If the condition is merely checking if a variable is set, there's even a shorter form:
a=${VAR:-20}
will assign to a the value of VAR if VAR is set, otherwise it will assign it the default value 20 -- this can also be a result of an expression.
This approach is technically called "Parameter Expansion".
if [[ $b -eq 5 ]]; then a="$c"; else a="$d"; fi
The cond && op1 || op2 expression suggested in other answers has an inherent bug: if op1 has a nonzero exit status, op2 silently becomes the result; the error will also not be caught in -e mode. So, that expression is only safe to use if op1 can never fail (e.g., :, true if a builtin, or variable assignment without any operations that can fail (like division and OS calls)).
Note the "" quotes. They will prevent translation of all whitespace into single spaces.
Double square brackets as opposed to single ones prevent incorrect operation if $b is equal to a test operator (e.g. "-z"; a workaround with [ is [ "x$b" == "xyes" ] and it only works for string comparison); they also lift the requirement for quoting.
(( a = b==5 ? c : d )) # string + numeric
[ $b == 5 ] && { a=$c; true; } || a=$d
This will avoid executing the part after || by accident when the code between && and || fails.
We can use following three ways in Shell Scripting for ternary operator :
[ $numVar == numVal ] && resVar="Yop" || resVar="Nop"
Or
resVar=$([ $numVar == numVal ] && echo "Yop" || echo "Nop")
Or
(( numVar == numVal ? (resVar=1) : (resVar=0) ))
Update: Extending the answer for string computations with below ready-to-run example. This is making use of second format mentioned above.
$ strVar='abc';resVar=$([[ $strVar == 'abc' ]] && echo "Yop" || echo "Nop");echo $resVar
Yop
$ strVar='aaa';resVar=$([[ $strVar == 'abc' ]] && echo "Yop" || echo "Nop");echo $resVar
Nop
The let command supports most of the basic operators one would need:
let a=b==5?c:d;
Naturally, this works only for assigning variables; it cannot execute other commands.
Here is another option where you only have to specify the variable you're assigning once, and it doesn't matter whether what your assigning is a string or a number:
VARIABLE=`[ test ] && echo VALUE_A || echo VALUE_B`
Just a thought. :)
There's also a very similar but simpler syntax for ternary conditionals in bash:
a=$(( b == 5 ? 123 : 321 ))
The following seems to work for my use cases:
Examples
$ tern 1 YES NO
YES
$ tern 0 YES NO
NO
$ tern 52 YES NO
YES
$ tern 52 YES NO 52
NO
and can be used in a script like so:
RESULT=$(tern 1 YES NO)
echo "The result is $RESULT"
tern
#!/usr/bin/env bash
function show_help()
{
ME=$(basename "$0")
IT=$(cat <<EOF
Returns a ternary result
usage: BOOLEAN VALUE_IF_TRUE VALUE_IF_FALSE
e.g.
# YES
$ME 1 YES NO
# NO
$ME 0 YES NO
# NO
$ME "" YES NO
# YES
$ME "STRING THAT ISNT BLANK OR 0" YES NO
# INFO contains NO
INFO=\$($ME 0 YES NO)
EOF
)
echo "$IT"
echo
exit
}
if [ "$1" = "help" ] || [ "$1" = '?' ] || [ "$1" = "--help" ] || [ "$1" = "h" ]; then
show_help
fi
if [ -z "$3" ]
then
show_help
fi
# Set a default value for what is "false" -> 0
FALSE_VALUE=${4:-0}
function main
{
if [ "$1" == "$FALSE_VALUE" ] || [ "$1" = '' ]; then
echo $3
exit;
fi;
echo $2
}
main "$1" "$2" "$3"
Here's a general solution, that
works with string tests as well
feels rather like an expression
avoids any subtle side effects when the condition fails
Test with numerical comparison
a=$(if [ "$b" -eq 5 ]; then echo "$c"; else echo "$d"; fi)
Test with String comparison
a=$(if [ "$b" = "5" ]; then echo "$c"; else echo "$d"; fi)
(ping -c1 localhost&>/dev/null) && { echo "true"; } || { echo "false"; }
You can use this if you want similar syntax
a=$(( $((b==5)) ? c : d ))
Some people have already presented some nice alternatives. I wanted to get the syntax as close as possible, so I wrote a function named ?.
This allows for the syntax:
[[ $x -eq 1 ]]; ? ./script1 : ./script2
# or
? '[[ $x -eq 1 ]]' ./script1 : ./script2
In both cases, the : is optional. All arguments that have spaces, the values must be quoted since it runs them with eval.
If the <then> or <else> clauses aren't commands, the function echos the proper value.
./script; ? Success! : "Failure :("
The function
?() {
local lastRet=$?
if [[ $1 == --help || $1 == -? ]]; then
echo $'\e[37;1mUsage:\e[0m
? [<condition>] <then> [:] <else>
If \e[37;1m<then>\e[0m and/or \e[37;1m<else>\e[0m are not valid commands, then their values are
printed to stdOut, otherwise they are executed. If \e[37;1m<condition>\e[0m is not
specified, evaluates the return code ($?) of the previous statement.
\e[37;1mExamples:\e[0m
myVar=$(? "[[ $x -eq 1 ]] foo bar)
\e[32;2m# myVar is set to "foo" if x is 1, else it is set to "bar"\e[0m
? "[[ $x = *foo* ]] "cat hello.txt" : "cat goodbye.txt"
\e[32;2m# runs cat on "hello.txt" if x contains the word "foo", else runs cat on
# "goodbye.txt"\e[0m
? "[[ $x -eq 1 ]] "./script1" "./script2"; ? "Succeeded!" "Failed :("
\e[32;2m# If x = 1, runs script1, else script2. If the run script succeeds, prints
# "Succeeded!", else prints "failed".\e[0m'
return
elif ! [[ $# -eq 2 || $# -eq 3 || $# -eq 4 && $3 == ':' ]]; then
1>&2 echo $'\e[37;1m?\e[0m requires 2 to 4 arguments
\e[37;1mUsage\e[0m: ? [<condition>] <then> [:] <else>
Run \e[37;1m? --help\e[0m for more details'
return 1
fi
local cmd
if [[ $# -eq 2 || $# -eq 3 && $2 == ':' ]]; then
cmd="[[ $lastRet -eq 0 ]]"
else
cmd="$1"
shift
fi
if [[ $2 == ':' ]]; then
eval "set -- '$1' '$3'"
fi
local result=$(eval "$cmd" && echo "$1" || echo "$2")
if command -v ${result[0]} &> /dev/null; then
eval "${result[#]}"
else
echo "${result[#]}"
fi
}
Obviously if you want the script to be shorter, you can remove the help text.
EDIT: I was unaware that ? acts as a placeholder character in a file name. Rather than matching any number of characters like *, it matches exactly one character. So, if you have a one-character file in your working directory, bash will try to run the filename as a command. I'm not sure how to get around this. I thought using command "?" ...args might work but, no dice.
Simplest ternary
brew list | grep -q bat && echo 'yes' || echo 'no'
This example will determine if you used homebrew to install bat or not yet
If true you will see "yes"
If false you will see "no"
I added the -q to suppress the grepped string output here, so you only see "yes" or "no"
Really the pattern you seek is this
doSomethingAndCheckTruth && echo 'yes' || echo 'no'
Tested with bash and zsh
Here are some options:
1- Use if then else in one line, it is possible.
if [[ "$2" == "raiz" ]] || [[ "$2" == '.' ]]; then pasta=''; else pasta="$2"; fi
2- Write a function like this:
# Once upon a time, there was an 'iif' function in MS VB ...
function iif(){
# Echoes $2 if 1,banana,true,etc and $3 if false,null,0,''
case $1 in ''|false|FALSE|null|NULL|0) echo $3;;*) echo $2;;esac
}
use inside script like this
result=`iif "$expr" 'yes' 'no'`
# or even interpolating:
result=`iif "$expr" "positive" "negative, because $1 is not true"`
3- Inspired in the case answer, a more flexible and one line use is:
case "$expr" in ''|false|FALSE|null|NULL|0) echo "no...$expr";;*) echo "yep $expr";;esac
# Expression can be something like:
expr=`expr "$var1" '>' "$var2"`
This is much like Vladimir's fine answer. If your "ternary" is a case of "if true, string, if false, empty", then you can simply do:
$ c="it was five"
$ b=3
$ a="$([[ $b -eq 5 ]] && echo "$c")"
$ echo $a
$ b=5
$ a="$([[ $b -eq 5 ]] && echo "$c")"
$ echo $a
it was five
A string-oriented alternative, that uses an array:
spec=(IGNORE REPLACE)
for p in {13..15}; do
echo "$p: ${spec[p==14]}";
done
which outputs:
13: IGNORE
14: REPLACE
15: IGNORE
to answer to : int a = (b == 5) ? c : d;
just write:
b=5
c=1
d=2
let a="(b==5)?c:d"
echo $a # 1
b=6;
c=1;
d=2;
let a="(b==5)?c:d"
echo $a # 2
remember that " expression " is equivalent to $(( expression ))
Two more answers
Here's some ways of thinking about this
bash integer variables
In addition to, dutCh, Vladimir and ghostdog74's corrects answers and because this question is regarding integer and tagged bash:
Is there a way to do something like this
int a = (b == 5) ? c : d;
There is a nice and proper way to work with integers under bash:
declare -i b=' RANDOM % 3 + 4 ' c=100 d=50 a=' b == 5 ? c : d '; echo $b '-->' $a
The output line from this command should by one of:
4 --> 50
5 --> 100
6 --> 50
Of course, declaring integer type of variable is to be done once:
declare -i a b c d
c=100 d=50 b=RANDOM%3+4
a=' b == 5 ? c : d '
echo $a $b
100 5
b=12 a=b==5?c:d
echo $a $b
50 12
Digression: Using a string as a math function:
mathString=' b == 5 ? c : d '
b=5 a=$mathString
echo $a $b
100 5
b=1 a=$mathString
echo $a $b
50 1
Based on parameter expansion and indirection
Following answers from Brad Parks and druid62, here is a way not limited to integer:
c=50 d=100 ar=([5]=c)
read -p 'Enter B: ' b
e=${ar[b]:-d};echo ${!e}
If b==5, then ar[b] is c and indirection do c is 50.
Else ar[any value other than 5] is empty, so parameter expansion will default to d, where indirection give 100.
Same demo using an array instead of an integer
ternArrayDemo(){
local -a c=(foo bar) d=(foo bar baz) e=(empty) ar=([5]=c [2]=d)
local b=${ar[$1]:-e}
b+=[#] # For array indirection
printf ' - %s\n' "${!b}"
}
Then
ternArrayDemo 0
- empty
ternArrayDemo 2
- foo
- bar
- baz
ternArrayDemo 4
- empty
ternArrayDemo 5
- foo
- bar
ternArrayDemo 6
- empty
Or using associative arrays
ternAssocArrayDemo(){
local -a c=(foo bar) d=(foo bar baz) e=(empty)
local -A ar=([foo]=c[#] [bar]=d[#] [baz]=d[-1])
local b=${ar[$1]:-e[#]}
printf ' - %s\n' "${!b}"
}
Then
ternAssocArrayDemo hello
- empty
ternAssocArrayDemo foo
- foo
- bar
ternAssocArrayDemo bar
- foo
- bar
- baz
ternAssocArrayDemo baz
- baz
The top answer [[ $b = 5 ]] && a="$c" || a="$d" should only be used if you are certain there will be no error after the &&, otherwise it will incorrectly excute the part after the ||.
To solve that problem I wrote a ternary function that behaves as it should and it even uses the ? and : operators:
Edit - new solution
Here is my new solution that does not use $IFS nor ev(a/i)l.
function executeCmds()
{
declare s s1 s2 i j k
declare -A cmdParts
declare pIFS=$IFS
IFS=$'\n'
declare results=($(echo "$1" | grep -oP '{ .*? }'))
IFS=$pIFS
s="$1"
for ((i=0; i < ${#results[#]}; i++)); do
s="${s/${results[$i]}/'\0'}"
results[$i]="${results[$i]:2:${#results[$i]}-3}"
results[$i]=$(echo ${results[$i]%%";"*})
done
s="$s&&"
let cmdParts[t]=0
while :; do
i=${cmdParts[t]}
let cmdParts[$i,t]=0
s1="${s%%"&&"*}||"
while :; do
j=${cmdParts[$i,t]}
let cmdParts[$i,$j,t]=0
s2="${s1%%"||"*};"
while :; do
cmdParts[$i,$j,${cmdParts[$i,$j,t]}]=$(echo ${s2%%";"*})
s2=${s2#*";"}
let cmdParts[$i,$j,t]++
[[ $s2 ]] && continue
break
done
s1=${s1#*"||"}
let cmdParts[$i,t]++
[[ $s1 ]] && continue
break
done
let cmdParts[t]++
s=${s#*"&&"}
[[ $s ]] && continue
break
done
declare lastError=0
declare skipNext=false
for ((i=0; i < ${cmdParts[t]}; i++ )) ; do
let j=0
while :; do
let k=0
while :; do
if $skipNext; then
skipNext=false
else
if [[ "${cmdParts[$i,$j,$k]}" == "\0" ]]; then
executeCmds "${results[0]}" && lastError=0 || lastError=1
results=("${results[#]:1}")
elif [[ "${cmdParts[$i,$j,$k]:0:1}" == "!" || "${cmdParts[$i,$j,$k]:0:1}" == "-" ]]; then
[ ${cmdParts[$i,$j,$k]} ] && lastError=0 || lastError=1
else
${cmdParts[$i,$j,$k]}
lastError=$?
fi
if (( k+1 < cmdParts[$i,$j,t] )); then
skipNext=false
elif (( j+1 < cmdParts[$i,t] )); then
(( lastError==0 )) && skipNext=true || skipNext=false
elif (( i+1 < cmdParts[t] )); then
(( lastError==0 )) && skipNext=false || skipNext=true
fi
fi
let k++
[[ $k<${cmdParts[$i,$j,t]} ]] || break
done
let j++
[[ $j<${cmdParts[$i,t]} ]] || break
done
done
return $lastError
}
function t()
{
declare commands="$#"
find="$(echo ?)"
replace='?'
commands="${commands/$find/$replace}"
readarray -d '?' -t statement <<< "$commands"
condition=${statement[0]}
readarray -d ':' -t statement <<< "${statement[1]}"
success="${statement[0]}"
failure="${statement[1]}"
executeCmds "$condition" || { executeCmds "$failure"; return; }
executeCmds "$success"
}
executeCmds separates each command individually, apart from the ones that should be skipped due to the && and || operators. It uses [] whenever a command starts with ! or a flag.
There are two ways to pass commands to it:
Pass the individual commands unquoted but be sure to quote ;, &&, and || operators.
t ls / ? ls qqq '||' echo aaa : echo bbb '&&' ls qq
Pass all the commands quoted:
t 'ls /a ? ls qqq || echo aaa : echo bbb && ls qq'
NB I found no way to pass in && and || operators as parameters unquoted, as they are illegal characters for function names and aliases, and I found no way to override bash operators.
Old solution - uses ev(a/i)l
function t()
{
pIFS=$IFS
IFS="?"
read condition success <<< "$#"
IFS=":"
read success failure <<< "$success"
IFS=$pIFS
eval "$condition" || { eval "$failure" ; return; }
eval "$success"
}
t ls / ? ls qqq '||' echo aaa : echo bbb '&&' ls qq
t 'ls /a ? ls qqq || echo aaa : echo bbb && ls qq'
What about such approach:
# any your function
function check () {
echo 'checking...';
# Change the following to 'true' to emulate a successful execution.
# Note: You can replace check function with any function you wish.
# Be aware in linux false and true are funcitons themselves. see 'help false' for instance.
false;
}
# double check pattern
check && echo 'update' \
|| check || echo 'create';
See how conditional statements works in the RxJs (i.e. filter pipe).
Yes, it is code duplication but more functional approach from my point of view.