From the documentations I have read, cb_adf format multiline data is suitable for scenarios where number of actions are changing over time. My questions is, how does the algorithm know if a new action is available? Is code like formatting the logged bandits data correct?
two_actions = """
shared | a:0.5 b:1 c:2
0:-0.1:0.75 |
|
"""
and
three_actions_now = """
shared | a:0.5 b:1 c:2
|
0:-0.3:0.55 |
|
"""
And what about if one action is no longer available?
In this case you should use some identity feature for the arms which have no other features, this is because for cb_adf the actions themselves are essentially defined as the set of their features.
shared | a:0.5 b:1 c:2
| action_1
0:-0.3:0.55 | action_2
| action_3
If the action is no longer available you would omit the line that corresponded to that feature. So, if we wished to remove action_2 from the pool of actions to be chosen from it might look like.
shared | a:0.5 b:1 c:2
| action_1
| action_3
cb_adf works best when there is more than just a single feature per action. For example, having features shared across actions allows the learner to learn the value of other features from rewards on other actions.
Related
The YouTube Data API documentation mentions a relevanceLanguage parameter, which is defined as follows (emphasis mine).
The relevanceLanguage parameter instructs the API to return search
results that are most relevant to the specified language. The
parameter value is typically an ISO 639-1 two-letter language code.
[...] Please note that results in other
languages will still be returned if they are highly relevant to the
search query term.
I understand the part in bold, but I had a very hard time having the API take my relevant language into consideration. In most requests, the relevant language is completely ignored (examples below).
Query | Relevant Language | Results language
----------------|-------------------|-----------------
Donald Trump | None | `en`
| `fr` | `en`
| `de` | `en`
----------------|-------------------|-----------------
Nicolas Sarkozy | None | `fr`
| `en` | `fr`
| `de` | `fr`
Hence my question: what does this parameter actually do? Ideally, I would like to completely filter out the results that are not in my relevant language, but AFAIK, that's not possible, the alternative being this relevanceLanguage parameter.
In UnrealEngine, UFUNCTION is used for enriching functions with additional specifiers for blueprint usage, replication and delegates.
However, some delegate types don't seem to allow to bind a UFUNCTION (like a multicast delegate), while other types require to bind a UFUNCTION (like a dynamic multicast delegate).
Is there an overview available, what delegate type accepts which type of function (normal c++ or UFUNCTION)?
Only dynamic delegates require the functions which can be bounded to be a UFUNCTION.
+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| Type | binds c++ function | binds `UFUNCTION` |
+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| Singlecast | yes | yes |
| Multicast | yes | no |
| Event | yes | ? |
| Dynamic singlecast | no | yes |
| Dynamic multicast | no | yes |
| `FTimerDelegate` (singlecast) | yes | yes |
| `FTimerDynamicDelegate` (dynamic singlecast) | no | yes |
+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
(This is my observation so far. In case of errors, please comment or edit or add an answer.)
Performance
UFUNCTION increases compile time and artifact size, so only use the macro when required by the calling code.
Dynamic delegates support serializing, have additional code for working in Blueprint graphs (called Events/Event Dispatcher in BP) and are slower than the other delegate types. If you only need delegates for C++, you don’t need dynamic ones most of the time.
C++ template support for non dynamic delegates
Delegates which accepts binding of c++ functions, can be wrapped by a template
template<typename T>
struct MyTemplateWrapper
{
DECLARE_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_OneParam(FMyDelegateWithTemplate, T);
};
Use it like MyTemplateWrapper<float>::FMyDelegateWithTemplate MyCallback;.
Keep in mind: The UPROPERTY macro is not supported for MyCallback since MyTemplateWrapper can't be a USTRUCT/UCLASS (since they don’t support templates). However, because the non dynamic delegate types don't support blueprints nevertheless, the missing UPROPERTY is not a loss.
Off topic: Additional usage of UFUNCTION
Short summary at unreal answers.
I have a registration form and need to test it using cucumber and ruby.
I decided to user Scenario Outline with different values in table:
Scenario Outline: Log in with valid data
Given I am on the Sign up Form
When I provide <Email>
And I provide Confirm <СEmail>
And I provide <Password>
And I provide Confirm <СPassword>
And I click on Register button
Then I registered to the site
Examples:
| Email | CEmail | Password | CPassword |
| vip17041#yopmail.com |vip17041#yopmail.com | 123 | 123 |
| vip17042#yopmail.com |vip17042#yopmail.com |123 | 123 |
Now I need create steps definition. In step definition I need to put into the fields values from the table.
How could I do that? Previously I used the next method:
When(/^I provide vip(\d+)#yopmail\.com$/) do |email|
browser.text_field(:name, "Email").set("email#yopmail.com")
But how could I set instead of hard coded email - email from my table?
Thanks
If you're looking to merge the capture with the email address:
When(/^I provide (vip\d+)#yopmail\.com$/) do |email|
browser.text_field(:name, "Email").set("#{email}#yopmail.com")
end
This will concatenate the captured text ("vip" literally plus any number of numerical values with a length of one or more) with the string "#yopmail.com"
A note on how Scenario Outline works
Scenario Outline will grab the lines from the examples table, and simply use the columns to create individual scenarios that use the values that match the column headers in place of the placeholders.
For instance:
Scenario Outline: A note
Given I am logged in as <user>
When I go to the homepage
Then I should see "Welcome Back, <display_name>"
Examples:
| user | display_name |
| rick#stley.com | Rick Astley |
| tammy1992 | Tammy Holmes |
Would be converted into two scenarios:
Scenario: A note
Given I am logged in as rick#stley.com
When I go to the homepage
Then I should see "Welcome Back, Rick Astley"
Scenario: A note
Given I am logged in as tammy1992
When I go to the homepage
Then I should see "Welcome Back, Tammy Holmes"
Which makes it no different to writing your normal scenario, the place holders that you use simply complete the step that you are writing.
How I would write your Scenario
Cucumber is a tool meant to bridge the conversational gap between testers, developers and management.
Scenario Outline: Log in with valid data
Given I am on the Sign up Form
When I sign up with the email "<Email>" and password "<Password>"
Then I should be able to log in as "<Email>" with password "<Password>"
Examples:
| Email | Password |
| vip17041#yopmail.com | 123 |
| vip17042#yopmail.com | 123 |
We don't necessarily have to know each individual step of the process, and the feature file shows the intent of the test.
What this seems to be looking for is whether you can log in after registering a new account, so why not write it as such?
As someone who has used Cucumber for many years I would advise you to avoid using Scenario Outlines. Features and scenarios are for expressing intent in simple clear terms, not programming things using tables.
You can write your scenario as
Scenario: I should be welcomed when I sign in
Given I am registered
When I sign in
Then I should be welcomed
Good scenarios state what behaviour they are trying to verify in their title, and then have steps that are consistent with this behaviour. They have no need to explain HOW your application implements that behaviour. Putting that information in your scenarios makes them longer, harder to implement, and much more difficult to maintain.
A side effect of such simple scenarios is that the step definitions are much simpler and easier to write. No regex's params or table parsing needed here.
You can see a simple example of this approach here (https://github.com/diabolo/cuke_up/tree/master/features),
I have a few tests in feature files that use the Scenario Template method to plug in multiple parameters. For example:
#MaskSelection
Scenario Template: The Mask Guide Is Available
Given the patient is using "<browser>"
And A patient registered and logged in
And A patient selected the mask
When the patient clicks on the "<guide>"
Then the patient should see the "<guide>" guide for the mask with "<guideLength>" slides
Examples:
| browser | guide | guideName | guideLength |
| chrome | mask | Mask | 5 |
| firefox | replacement | Mask Replacement Guide | 6 |
| internetexplorer | replacement | Mask Replacement Guide | 6 |
Currently, this is exporting test results with names like "TheMaskGuideIsAvailableVariant3". Is there any way to have it instead export something like "TheMaskGuideIsAvailable("chrome", "mask", "Mask", "5")"? I have a few tests which export 50+ results, and it's a pain to count the list to figure out exactly which set of parameters failed. I could have sworn the export used to work like this at one time, but I can't seem to replicate that behavior.
Possibly tied to it, recently, I've lost the ability to double-click on the test instance in Test Explorer in Visual Studio and go to the test outline in its file. Instead, nothing happens and I have to manually go to that file.
The answer to the Variant situation is that the part that gets appended is the first column of the table. If there are non-unique items in the first column, it gets exported as numbered "Variants".
The answer I found to exporting the list is to use vstest.console with the "/ListTests" option. As per the prior paragraph, since the first column is the one to be used for naming, a column can be established with a concatenated list of parameters.
I am currently trying to use cucumber together with capybara for some integration tests of a web-app.
There is one test where I just want to click through all (or most of) the pages of the web app and see if no error is returned. I want to be able to see afterwards which pages are not working.
I think that Scenario outlines would be the best approach so I started in that way:
Scenario Outline: Checking all pages pages
When I go on the page <page>
Then the page has no HTTP error response
Examples:
| page |
| "/resource1" |
| "/resource2" |
...
I currently have 82 pages and that works fine.
However I find this approach is not maintable as there may new resources and resources that will be deleted.
A better approach would be to load the data from the table from somewhere (parsing HTML of an index page, the database etc...).
But I did not figure out how to do that.
I came across an article about table transformation but I could not figure out how to use this transformation in an scenario outline.
Are there any suggestions?
OK since there is some confusion. If you have a look at the example above. All I want to do is change it so that the table is almost empty:
Scenario Outline: Checking all pages pages
When I go on the page <page>
Then the page has no HTTP error response
Examples:
| page |
| "will be generated" |
Then I want to add a transformation that looks something like this:
Transform /^table:page$/ do
all_my_pages.each do |page|
table.hashes << {:page => page}
end
table.hashes
end
I specified the transformation in the same file, but it is not executed, so I was assuming that the transformations don't work with Scenario outlines.
Cucumber is really the wrong tool for that task, you should describe functionality in terms of features. If you want to describe behavior programmatically you should use something like rspec or test-unit.
Also your scenario steps should be descriptive and specialized like a written text and not abstract phrases like used in a programming language. They should not include "incidental details" like the exact url of a ressource or it's id.
Please read http://blog.carbonfive.com/2011/11/07/modern-cucumber-and-rails-no-more-training-wheels/ and watch http://skillsmatter.com/podcast/home/refuctoring-your-cukes
Concerning your question about "inserting into tables", yes it is possible if you
mean adding additional rows to it, infact you could do anything you like with it.
The result of the Transform block completely replaces the original table.
Transform /^table:Name,Posts$/ do
# transform the table into a list of hashes
results = table.hashes.map do |row|
user = User.create! :name => row["Name"]
posts = (1..row["Posts"]).map { |i| Post.create! :title => "Nr #{i}" }
{ :user => user, :posts => posts }
end
# append another hash to the results (e.g. a User "Tim" with 2 Posts)
tim = User.create! :name => "Tim"
tims_posts = [Post.create! :title => "First", Post.create! :title => "Second"]
results << { :user => tim, :posts => tims_posts }
results
end
Given /^I have Posts of the following Users:$/ do |transformation_results|
transformation_results.each do |row|
# assing Posts to the corresponding User
row[:user].posts = row[:posts]
end
end
You could combine this with Scenario Outlines like this:
Scenario Outline: Paginate the post list of an user at 10
Given I have Posts of the following Users:
| Name | Posts |
| Max | 7 |
| Tom | 11 |
When I visit the post list of <name>
Then I should see <count> posts
Examples:
| name | count |
| Max | 7 |
| Tom | 10 |
| Tim | 2 |
This should demonstarte why "adding" rows to a table, might not be best practice.
Please note that it is impossible to expand example tags inside of a table:
Scenario Outline: Paginate the post list of an user at 10
Given I have Posts of the following Users:
| Name | Posts |
| <name> | <existing> | # won't work
When I visit the post list of <name>
Then I should see <displayed> posts
Examples:
| name | existing | displayed |
| Max | 7 | 7 |
| Tom | 11 | 10 |
| Tim | 2 | 2 |
For the specific case of loading data dynamically, here's a suggestion:
A class, let's say PageSets, with methods, e.g. all_pages_in_the_sitemap_errorcount, developing_countries_errorcount.
a step that reads something like
Given I am on the "Check Stuff" page
Then there are 0 errors in the "developing countries" pages
or
Then there are 0 errors in "all pages in the sitemap"
The Then step converts the string "developing countries" into a method name developing_countries_errorcountand attempts to call it on class PageSets. The step expects all _errorcount methods to return an integer in this case. Returning data structures like maps gives you many possibilities for writing succinct dynamic steps.
For more static data we have found YAML very useful for making our tests self-documenting and self-validating, and for helping us remove hard-to-maintain literals like "5382739" that we've all forgotten the meaning of three weeks later.
The YAML format is easy to read and can be commented if necessary (it usually isn't.)
Rather than write:
Given I am logged in as "jackrobinson#gmail.com"
And I select the "History" tab
Then I can see 5 or more "rows of history"
We can write instead:
Given I am logged in as "a user with at least 5 items of history"
When I select the "History" tab
Then I can see 5 or more "rows of history"
In file logins.yaml....
a member with at least 5 items of history:
username: jackrobinson#gmail.com
password: WalRus
We use YAML to hold sets of data relating to all sorts of entities like members, providers, policies, ... the list is growing all the time:
In file test_data.yaml...
a member who has direct debit set up:
username: jackrobinson#gmail.com
password: WalRus
policyId: 5382739
first name: Jack
last name: Robinson
partner's first name: Sally
partner's last name: Fredericks
It's also worth looking at YAML's multi-line text facilities if you need to verify text. Although that's not usual for automation tests, it can sometimes be useful.
I think that the better approach would be using different tool, just for crawling your site and checking if no error is returned. Assuming you're using Rails
The tool you might consider is: Tarantula.
https://github.com/relevance/tarantula
I hope that helps :)
A quick hack is to change the Examples collector code, and using eval of ruby to run your customized ruby function to overwrite the default collected examples data, here is the code:
generate-dynamic-examples-for-cucumber
drawback: need change the scenario_outline.rb file.