I am trying to create a stack data type in C in Xcode, therefore using a stack init function.
The following is found in DeckStack.c
#define DS DeckStack
#include "DeckStack.h"
struct _DeckStack {
void *top;
void *cards[40];
};
DeckStack* stack_init(void) {
DS *new_deckStack = NULL;
new_deckStack = (DS*) malloc(sizeof(DS));
return new_deckStack;
}
But Xcode is complaining about the implicit declaration of malloc, yet stdlib.h is included in DeckStack.h:
#ifndef DeckStack_h
#define DeckStack_h
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
typedef struct _DeckStack DeckStack;
/* #brief
* Creates a new deck
*/
DeckStack* stack_init(void);
#endif /* DeckStack_h */
Solved, just press enter a few times and the .c file will update itself with the contents of the header.
Related
l learned "include" keyword are just copy & paste.
But including cpp file makes different compile result.
(gcc6~8 + boost1.69)
// main.cpp
#include <iostream>
// I'll move next code to why.cpp
#include <boost/archive/iterators/base64_from_binary.hpp>
#include <boost/archive/iterators/binary_from_base64.hpp>
#include <boost/archive/iterators/transform_width.hpp>
#include <boost/archive/iterators/insert_linebreaks.hpp>
#include <boost/archive/iterators/remove_whitespace.hpp>
void testFunc()
{
using namespace boost::archive::iterators;
typedef transform_width<binary_from_base64<remove_whitespace<std::string::const_iterator>>, 8, 6> ItBinaryT;
std::string input;
std::string output(ItBinaryT(input.begin()), ItBinaryT(input.end()));
}
// -----------------------------
int main()
{
return 0;
}
Above code compiled without warning.
But, I replace some code with include cpp..
// main.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include "why.cpp" // <----------
int main()
{
return 0;
}
// why.cpp - just copy&paste
#include <boost/archive/iterators/base64_from_binary.hpp>
#include <boost/archive/iterators/binary_from_base64.hpp>
#include <boost/archive/iterators/transform_width.hpp>
#include <boost/archive/iterators/insert_linebreaks.hpp>
#include <boost/archive/iterators/remove_whitespace.hpp>
void testFunc()
{
using namespace boost::archive::iterators;
typedef transform_width<binary_from_base64<remove_whitespace<std::string::const_iterator>>, 8, 6> ItBinaryT;
std::string input;
std::string output(ItBinaryT(input.begin()), ItBinaryT(input.end()));
}
It makes warning [-Wsubobject-linkage]
~~ has a field ~~ whose type uses the anonymous namespace
~~ has a base ~~ whose type uses the anonymous namespace
Please look at this link : https://wandbox.org/permlink/bw53IK2ZZP5UWMGk
What makes this difference?
Your compiler treats the main CPP file specially under the assumption that things defined in it are very unlikely to have more than one definition and so some tests for possible violation of the One Definition Rule are not done inside that file. Using #include takes you outside that file.
I would suggest just not using -Wsubobject-linkage since its logic is based on a heuristic that is not applicable to your code.
So I am attempting to use the CUDA Runtime API with Go's cgo on Windows. I've been at this for a few days now and am stuck: I am getting an undefined reference to my kernel wrapper.
I have separated out my kernel and it's wrapper into the following
FILE: cGo.cuh
typedef unsigned long int ktype;
typedef unsigned char glob;
/*
function Prototypes
*/
extern "C" void kernel_kValid(int, int, ktype *, glob *);
__global__ void kValid(ktype *, glob *);
FILE: cGo.cu
#include "cGo.cuh"
#include "device_launch_parameters.h"
#include "cuda.h"
#include "cuda_runtime.h"
//function Definitions
/*
kernel_kValid is a wrapper function for the CUDA Kernel to be called from Go
*/
extern "C" void kernel_kValid(int blocks, int threads, ktype *kInfo, glob *values) {
kValid<<<blocks, threads>>>(kInfo, values);//execute the kernel
}
/*
kValid is the CUDA Kernel which is to be executed
*/
__global__ void kValid(ktype *kInfo, glob *values) {
//lots of code
}
I compile my CUDA source code into a shared library as such:
nvcc -shared -o myLib.so cGo.cu
then I have created a header file to include in my cgo
FILE: cGo.h
typedef unsigned long int ktype;
typedef unsigned char glob;
/*
function Declarations
*/
void kernel_kValid(int , int , ktype *, glob *);
Then from the go package I utilize cgo to call my kernel wrapper I have
package cuda
/*
#cgo LDFLAGS: -LC:/Storage/Cuda/lib/x64 -lcudart //this is the Cuda library
#cgo LDFLAGS: -L${SRCDIR}/lib -lmyLib //this is my shared library
#cgo CPPFLAGS: -IC:/Storage/Cuda/include //this contains cuda headers
#cgo CPPFLAGS: -I${SRCDIR}/include //this contains cGo.h
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "cGo.h"
*/
import "C"
func useKernel(){
//other code
C.kernel_kValid(C.int(B), C.int(T), unsafe.Pointer(storageDevice), unsafe.Pointer(globDevice))
cudaErr, err = C.cudaDeviceSynchronize()
//rest of the code
}
So all of the calls to the CUDA runtime API don't throw errors, it's only my kernel wrapper. This is the output when I build the cuda package with go.
C:\Users\user\Documents\Repos\go\cuda_wrapper>go build cuda_wrapper\cuda
# cuda_wrapper/cuda
In file included from C:/Storage/Cuda/include/host_defines.h:50:0,
from C:/Storage/Cuda/include/device_types.h:53,
from C:/Storage/Cuda/include/builtin_types.h:56,
from C:/Storage/Cuda/include/cuda_runtime.h:86,
from C:\Go\workspace\src\cuda_wrapper\cuda\cuda.go:12:
C:/Storage/Cuda/include/crt/host_defines.h:84:0: warning: "__cdecl" redefined
#define __cdecl
<built-in>: note: this is the location of the previous definition
# cuda_wrapper/cuda
C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\go-build038297194\cuda_wrapper\cuda\_obj\cuda.cgo2.o: In function `_cgo_440ebb0a3e25_Cfunc_kernel_kValid':
/tmp/go-build\cuda_wrapper\cuda\_obj/cgo-gcc-prolog:306: undefined reference to `kernel_kValid'
collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status
It's here I'm not really sure what's wrong. I have been looking at questions asked about undefined references with cgo but nothing I have found has solved my issue. I have also been looking at the fact that the CUDA runtime API is written in C++ and if that would affect how cgo will compile this but again I haven't found anything conclusive. At this point I think I have confused myself more than anything else so I'm hoping someone more knowledgeable can point me in the right direction.
Good catch on the name manlging.
Here's a solution we used for gorgonia:
#include <math.h>
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
__global__ void sigmoid32(float* A, int size)
{
int blockId = blockIdx.x + blockIdx.y * gridDim.x + gridDim.x * gridDim.y * blockIdx.z;
int idx = blockId * (blockDim.x * blockDim.y * blockDim.z) + (threadIdx.z * (blockDim.x * blockDim.y)) + (threadIdx.y * blockDim.x) + threadIdx.x;
if (idx >= size) {
return;
}
A[idx] = 1 / (1 + powf((float)(M_E), (-1 * A[idx])));
}
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
So... just wrap your kernel wrapper function in extern "C"
Here is the minimal C program to reproduce:
#include <alsa/asoundlib.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
int main( void )
{
}
This will compile with gcc -c -o timealsa.o timealsa.c, but if you include the -std=c99 switch, you get a redefinition error:
In file included from /usr/include/sys/time.h:28:0,
from timealsa.c:3:
/usr/include/bits/time.h:30:8: error: redefinition of ‘struct timeval’
struct timeval
^
In file included from /usr/include/alsa/asoundlib.h:49:0,
from timealsa.c:2:
/usr/include/alsa/global.h:138:8: note: originally defined here
struct timeval {
^
How can I resolve this conflict while still using -std=c99?
Since your question suggests you are using GLIBC's time.h there is a way to avoid this by telling it not to define timeval. Include asoundlib.h first then define _STRUCT_TIMEVAL. The one defined in asoundlib.h will be the one that gets used.
#include <alsa/asoundlib.h>
#ifndef _STRUCT_TIMEVAL
# define _STRUCT_TIMEVAL
#endif
#include <sys/time.h>
int main( void )
{
}
With C99 and later you can't have duplicate definitions of the same struct. The problem is that alsa/asoundlib.h includes alsa/global.h which contains this code:
/* for timeval and timespec */
#include <time.h>
...
#ifdef __GLIBC__
#if !defined(_POSIX_C_SOURCE) && !defined(_POSIX_SOURCE)
struct timeval {
time_t tv_sec; /* seconds */
long tv_usec; /* microseconds */
};
struct timespec {
time_t tv_sec; /* seconds */
long tv_nsec; /* nanoseconds */
};
#endif
#endif
So the Michael Petch's solution won't work - by the time you've included alsa/asoundlib.h it is already too late. The proper solution is to define _POSIX_C_SOURCE (_POSIX_SOURCE is obsolete). There's more information about these macros here and here.
For example you could try -D_POSIX_C_SOURCE=200809L. However, if you do that you'll get errors like this:
/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf/sys/time.h:110:20: error: field ‘it_interval’ has incomplete type
struct timeval it_interval;
^
/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf/sys/time.h:112:20: error: field ‘it_value’ has incomplete type
struct timeval it_value;
^
/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf/sys/time.h:138:61: error: array type has incomplete element type
extern int utimes (const char *__file, const struct timeval __tvp[2])
^
This is all a big mess of old C code and macro madness. The only way I got it to work was to give up and use -std=gnu11.
Here is the simple echo.c source code:
#include <sys/cdefs.h>
#ifndef lint
__COPYRIGHT(
"#(#) Copyright (c) 1989, 1993\n\
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.\n");
#endif /* not lint */
#ifndef lint
#if 0
static char sccsid[] = "#(#)echo.c 8.1 (Berkeley) 5/31/93";
#else
__RCSID("$NetBSD: echo.c,v 1.7 1997/07/20 06:07:03 thorpej Exp $");
#endif
#endif /* not lint */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
int main __P((int, char *[]));
int
main(argc, argv)
int argc;
char *argv[];
{
/*
*main code with no error at all
*/
}
When compiling it with gcc 4.4.6, it report errors:
echo.c:4: error: expected declaration specifiers or â...â before string constant
echo.c:3: warning: data definition has no type or storage class
echo.c:12: error: expected declaration specifiers or â...â before string constant
echo.c:12: warning: data definition has no type or storage class
Line 3 and 4 is __COPYRIGHT macro.
Line 12 is __RCSID macro.
If I delete these two macro, it compiles successfully and runs correctly.
After some googling, I know that these two macros are defined in sys/cdefs.h and they are some kind of comment message.
But why it won't compile in gcc?
Well after going throuhg sys/cdefs.h (ubuntu 11.10), I found no __COPYRIGHT or __RCSID defination.
So I guess these two macros are defined in NetBSD sys/cdefs.h.
I added them in a new header file (I name it with "aeodefs.h") like the following:
#ifndef _AEODEFS_H_
#define _AEODEFS_H_
#include <sys/cdefs.h>
#define __IDSTRING(name,string) \
static const char name[] __attribute__((__unused__)) = string
#ifndef __RCSID
#define __RCSID(s) __IDSTRING(rcsid,s)
#endif
#ifndef __COPYRIGHT
#define __COPYRIGHT(s) __IDSTRING(copyright,s)
#endif
#endif /* !_AEODEFS_H_ */
Then change #include <sys/cdefs.h> to #include "aeodefs.h".
It's done!
I am building a parser but I have some errors that I could not solve them, I am nuw to bison and flex, please help me solve them and understand why they are happening here is my errors that I get:
lexical.l:3:20: error: common.h: No such file or directory
In file included from lexical.l:5:
bison.tab.h:81: error: expected â=â, â,â, â;â, âasmâ or â__attribute__â before âyylvalâ
bison.tab.c:1155: error: conflicting types for âyylvalâ
bison.tab.h:81: note: previous declaration of âyylvalâ was here
bison.y: In function âyyparseâ:
bison.y:96: error: incompatible types when assigning to type âSTYPEâ from type âNODEPTRâ
here is my parser file bison.y:
%{
#include <stdio.h>
#include "bison.tab.h"
#include "common.h"
//int yylex();
void yyerror (char const *);
typedef struct STYPE {
NODEPTR pointer;
} STYPE;
#define YYSTYPE STYPE
%}
/* Bison declarations. */
%token ELSE REAL INTEGER XWRITE WHILE END DO IF THEN XPROGRAM FUNCTION XRETURN XREAD VAR FOR XBEGIN CALL ID NUM
%token RELOP ADDOP MULOP ASSIGN AND OR NOT
%left '-' '+'
%left '*' '/'
%nonassoc LOWER_THAN_ELSE
%nonassoc ELSE
If you #define YYSTYPE in your bison file, you need to #define YYSTYPE also in your flex file, because bison doesn't put the #define into the generated header file. You need to do this before you #include the generated header file.
Bison doesn't put the #define in the generated header because it has no way of knowing whether you did, since you might do it in an included file. In fact, if you're going to #define YYSTYPE, you should do it in a common header file, and #include the common header file in both bison and flex programs (as above, before you include the bison-generated header file).
Also, when you're regenerating the generated code, remember to always generate the bison program first because the flex program depends on the generated header file. That's the opposite order to the way you are doing it.
Just to make all this a bit clearer, here's an example:
common.h:
struct MyType {
/* ... /
};
#define YYSTYPE struct MyType;
lexer.l:
%{
/* All your standard includes go here */
/* Must go in this order */
#include "common.h"
#include "bison.tab.h"
%}
bison.y:
%{
/* Whatever library includes you need */
#include "common.h"
/* Don't include bison.tab.h; it will get inserted automatically */
%}
To fix the yytext error add this to bison.y :-
extern char *yytext
To fix the yyerror error make your prototype at the top of bison.y match the defn below :-
int yyerror(const char *message);
Fixing the yylval error requires a little more work and I don't understand this well enough to help. I'd suggest trying a simple hello,world type lexer,parser and move forward from there.
Here is the common.h I used :-
typedef struct STYPE {
int pointer;
} STYPE;
And the header of lexer :-
%{
#include "common.h"
#define YYSTYPE STYPE
#include <stdio.h>
#include"bison.tab.h"
void showToken(char*);
%}
And the header of parser :-
%{
#include <stdio.h>
#include "common.h"
extern char *yytext;
#define YYSTYPE STYPE
%}
This gives me one error and a few warnings but those are due to the undefined functions. Note that I have moved the declaration of STYPE to the top of lexer and parser