I have a script that I'm writing and I've set some flags using If statements.
for example my flags are set as
flag=$(-a,-b,-c,-d)
and for example my If statement is set as
if echo "$flag" | grep -q -E -o "(-)(a)"; then
1
fi
my question is how do I add another if statement that will say if flag does not exist, then show an error.
I've tried something like the following but it does not work.
if "[[ $flag"=="*" ]]; then
Error.
fi
Any suggestions?
Thanks!
"If flag does not exist" -- like, flag not being defined?
You could treat all undefined variables as errors.
Or you could check if the variable is set.
bash suggests a solution with its own $- variable.
Store each flag as a single character in a string:
flags="abcd"
then use pattern-matching to determine if a particular flag is set or not:
if [[ $flags = *a* ]]; then
echo "a is set"
else
echo "a is not set"
fi
Related
Hi I have written small shell script, I am not able to understand the behavior of that script. can any one help me to understand that script.
Script:
#!/bin/bash
if [ -z $1 ]
then
echo "fail"
else
echo "success"
fi
While executing the script .
./test.sh one
It exuting the else statement instead of main statement , even though its passing the argument.
can any one explain me this behavior to understand
The -z test in bash is checking if a string is an empty (zero length) value.
Since you're passing an argument to the script $1 is not empty and therefore -z $1 evaluates to false, executing the else portion of your script.
Side note: Since you're working with strings I recommend you to quote variables as follows:
if [ -z "$1" ]; then
echo "String is empty / No argument given"
else
echo "String is not empty / Argument given"
fi
Edit:
As pointed out by user1934428 it's probably better to use [[ instead of [. This, among others, eliminates the need for quoting. See more differences here.
if [[ -z $1 ]]; then
...
However, be aware that this is a bash extension and won't work in sh scripts.
Here is my problem. I have script and I want to make sure that the parameter that is entered when the script is called matches a variable name inside the script.
For example:
./valid foo <- being the script call
#!/bin/bash
PARAM=$1
VAR=/foo/
if grep -c $PARAM == $VAR
then
echo yes
fi
echo no
I am having the worst time using grep, I'm not sure how to use it properly inside of a script and after scouring the internet I think I need some specific feedback on my problem.
Thanks,
EA
This is not robust, but you can do:
if echo "$VAR" | grep -q "$PARAM"; then
It is probably better to simply do:
if test "$VAR" = "$PARAM"; then
If you are trying to match a regex, bash allows:
if [[ "$VAR" =~ "$PARAM" ]]; then
to match the fixed string $VAR against the regex $PARAM. If $VAR is the regex, you should reverse the order of the arguments. (That is, [[ "$PARAM" =~ "$VAR ]].)
You could search inside your script, since the declaration is the name followed by an equal sign:
if egrep "^\s*$PARAM=" $0
then
echo yes
else
echo no
fi
to list variables use
set -o posix ; set
the posix thingie prevents listing of functions.
In order to isolate parameters local to script, run it from the shell and store the result,
then run it from your script and compare output
(set -o posix ; set) >/tmp/variables.before
(set -o posix ; set) >/tmp/variables.after
I'm trying to write a simple script that will tell me if a filename exist in $Temp that starts with the string "Test".
For example, I have these files
Test1989.txt
Test1990.txt
Test1991.txt
Then I just want to echo that a file was found.
For example, something like this:
file="home/edward/bank1/fiche/Test*"
if test -s "$file"
then
echo "found one"
else
echo "found none"
fi
But this doesn't work.
One approach:
(
shopt -s nullglob
files=(/home/edward/bank1/fiche/Test*)
if [[ "${#files[#]}" -gt 0 ]] ; then
echo found one
else
echo found none
fi
)
Explanation:
shopt -s nullglob will cause /home/edward/bank1/fiche/Test* to expand to nothing if no file matches that pattern. (Without it, it will be left intact.)
( ... ) sets up a subshell, preventing shopt -s nullglob from "escaping".
files=(/home/edward/bank1/fiche/Test*) puts the file-list in an array named files. (Note that this is within the subshell only; files will not be accessible after the subshell exits.)
"${#files[#]}" is the number of elements in this array.
Edited to address subsequent question ("What if i also need to check that these files have data in them and are not zero byte files"):
For this version, we need to use -s (as you did in your question), which also tests for the file's existence, so there's no point using shopt -s nullglob anymore: if no file matches the pattern, then -s on the pattern will be false. So, we can write:
(
found_nonempty=''
for file in /home/edward/bank1/fiche/Test* ; do
if [[ -s "$file" ]] ; then
found_nonempty=1
fi
done
if [[ "$found_nonempty" ]] ; then
echo found one
else
echo found none
fi
)
(Here the ( ... ) is to prevent file and found_file from "escaping".)
You have to understand how Unix interprets your input.
The standard Unix shell interpolates environment variables, and what are called globs before it passes the parameters to your program. This is a bit different from Windows which makes the program interpret the expansion.
Try this:
$ echo *
This will echo all the files and directories in your current directory. Before the echo command acts, the shell interpolates the * and expands it, then passes that expanded parameter back to your command. You can see it in action by doing this:
$ set -xv
$ echo *
$ set +xv
The set -xv turns on xtrace and verbose. Verbose echoes the command as entered, and xtrace echos the command that will be executed (that is, after the shell expansion).
Now try this:
$ echo "*"
Note that putting something inside quotes hides the glob expression from the shell, and the shell cannot expand it. Try this:
$ foo="this is the value of foo"
$ echo $foo
$ echo "$foo"
$ echo '$foo'
Note that the shell can still expand environment variables inside double quotes, but not in single quotes.
Now let's look at your statement:
file="home/edward/bank1/fiche/Test*"
The double quotes prevent the shell from expanding the glob expression, so file is equal to the literal home/edward/bank1/finche/Test*. Therefore, you need to do this:
file=/home/edward/bank1/fiche/Test*
The lack of quotes (and the introductory slash which is important!) will now make file equal to all files that match that expression. (There might be more than one!). If there are no files, depending upon the shell, and its settings, the shell may simply set file to that literal string anyway.
You certainly have the right idea:
file=/home/edward/bank1/fiche/Test*
if test -s $file
then
echo "found one"
else
echo "found none"
fi
However, you still might get found none returned if there is more than one file. Instead, you might get an error in your test command because there are too many parameters.
One way to get around this might be:
if ls /home/edward/bank1/finche/Test* > /dev/null 2>&1
then
echo "There is at least one match (maybe more)!"
else
echo "No files found"
fi
In this case, I'm taking advantage of the exit code of the ls command. If ls finds one file it can access, it returns a zero exit code. If it can't find one matching file, it returns a non-zero exit code. The if command merely executes a command, and then if the command returns a zero, it assumes the if statement as true and executes the if clause. If the command returns a non-zero value, the if statement is assumed to be false, and the else clause (if one is available) is executed.
The test command works in a similar fashion. If the test is true, the test command returns a zero. Otherwise, the test command returns a non-zero value. This works great with the if command. In fact, there's an alias to the test command. Try this:
$ ls -li /bin/test /bin/[
The i prints out the inode. The inode is the real ID of the file. Files with the same ID are the same file. You can see that /bin/test and /bin/[ are the same command. This makes the following two commands the same:
if test -s $file
then
echo "The file exists"
fi
if [ -s $file ]
then
echo "The file exists"
fi
You can do it in one line:
ls /home/edward/bank1/fiche/Test* >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo "found one" || echo "found none"
To understand what it does you have to decompose the command and have a basic awareness of boolean logic.
Directly from bash man page:
[...]
expression1 && expression2
True if both expression1 and expression2 are true.
expression1 || expression2
True if either expression1 or expression2 is true.
[...]
In the shell (and in general in unix world), the boolean true is a program that exits with status 0.
ls tries to list the pattern, if it succeed (meaning the pattern exists) it exits with status 0, 2 otherwise (have a look at ls man page for details).
In our case there are actually 3 expressions, for the sake of clarity I will put parenthesis, although they are not needed because && has precedence on ||:
(expression1 && expression2) || expression3
so if expression1 is true (ie: ls found the pattern) it evaluates expression2 (which is just an echo and will exit with status 0). In this case expression3 is never evaluate because what's on the left site of || is already true and it would be a waste of resources trying to evaluate what's on the right.
Otherwise, if expression1 is false, expression2 is not evaluated but in this case expression3 is.
for entry in "/home/loc/etc/"/*
do
if [ -s /home/loc/etc/$entry ]
then
echo "$entry File is available"
else
echo "$entry File is not available"
fi
done
Hope it helps
The following script will help u to go to a process if that script exist in a specified variable,
cat > waitfor.csh
#!/bin/csh
while !( -e $1 )
sleep 10m
end
ctrl+D
here -e is for working with files,
$1 is a shell variable,
sleep for 10 minutes
u can execute the script by ./waitfor.csh ./temp ; echo "the file exits"
One liner to check file exist or not -
awk 'BEGIN {print getline < "file.txt" < 0 ? "File does not exist" : "File Exists"}'
Wildcards aren't expanded inside quoted strings. And when wildcard is expanded, it's returned unchanged if there are no matches, it doesn't expand into an empty string. Try:
output="$(ls home/edward/bank1/fiche/Test* 2>/dev/null)"
if [ -n "$output" ]
then echo "Found one"
else echo "Found none"
fi
If the wildcard expanded to filenames, ls will list them on stdout; otherwise it will print an error on stderr, and nothing on stdout. The contents of stdout are assigned to output.
if [ -n "$output" ] tests whether $output contains anything.
Another way to write this would be:
if [ $(ls home/edward/bank1/fiche/Test* 2>/dev/null | wc -l) -gt 0 ]
is it possible to assign variable inside if conditional in bash 4? ie. in the function below I want to assign output of executing cmd to output and check whether it is an empty string - both inside test conditional. The function should output
"command returned: bar"
myfunc() {
local cmd="echo bar"
local output=
while [[ -z output=`$cmd` ]];
do
#cmd is failing so far, wait and try again
sleep 5
done
# great success
echo "command returned: $output"
}
why the above?
i prefer to run scripts with 'set -e' - which will cause script to terminate on first non-0 return/exit code that's not in an if/loop conditional.
with that in mind, imagine cmd is an unstable command that may exit with > 1 from time to time, and I want to keep calling it until it succeeds and i get some output.
You can try something like this:
myfunc() {
local cmd="echo bar"
local output=
while ! output=$($cmd) || [[ -z output ]];
do
#cmd is failing so far, wait and try again
sleep 5
done
# great success
echo "command returned: $output"
}
Note that it is strongly recommended to avoid the use of set -e.
I don't think you would be able to do it in your conditional
As yi_H pointed out, the if is equivalent to
if [[ ! -z output=bar ]];
which in turn is basically
if [[ ! -z "output=bar" ]];
So, all you are checking is if the string "output=bar" is empty or not...
So, output=bar could actually be anything like !##!#%=== and it would still do the same thing (that is, the expression isn't evaluated). You might have to assign the variable in a subshell somehow, but I'm not sure that would work.
Since assignment won't work there, you need some workaroudn.
You could temporary do a set +e...
You could use this way ...
$cmd
exit_status=$?
while [[ $exit_status -gt 0 ]];
do
#cmd is failing so far, wait and try again
sleep 5
$cmd
exit_status=$?
done
EDIT: This won't work with 'set -e' or other way around, don't use 'set -e' to begin with.
the following script is working fine on one server but on the other it gives an error
#!/bin/bash
processLine(){
line="$#" # get the complete first line which is the complete script path
name_of_file=$(basename "$line" ".php") # seperate from the path the name of file excluding extension
ps aux | grep -v grep | grep -q "$line" || ( nohup php -f "$line" > /var/log/iphorex/$name_of_file.log & )
}
FILE=""
if [ "$1" == "" ]; then
FILE="/var/www/iphorex/live/infi_script.txt"
else
FILE="$1"
# make sure file exist and readable
if [ ! -f $FILE ]; then
echo "$FILE : does not exists. Script will terminate now."
exit 1
elif [ ! -r $FILE ]; then
echo "$FILE: can not be read. Script will terminate now."
exit 2
fi
fi
# read $FILE using the file descriptors
# $ifs is a shell variable. Varies from version to version. known as internal file seperator.
# Set loop separator to end of line
BACKUPIFS=$IFS
#use a temp. variable such that $ifs can be restored later.
IFS=$(echo -en "\n")
exec 3<&0
exec 0<"$FILE"
while read -r line
do
# use $line variable to process line in processLine() function
processLine $line
done
exec 0<&3
# restore $IFS which was used to determine what the field separators are
IFS=$BAKCUPIFS
exit 0
i am just trying to read a file containing path of various scripts and then checking whether those scripts are already running and if not running them. The file /var/www/iphorex/live/infi_script.txt is definitely present. I get the following error on my amazon server-
[: 24: unexpected operator
infinity.sh: 32: cannot open : No such file
Thanks for your helps in advance.
You should just initialize file with
FILE=${1:-/var/www/iphorex/live/infi_script.txt}
and then skip the existence check. If the file
does not exist or is not readable, the exec 0< will
fail with a reasonable error message (there's no point
in you trying to guess what the error message will be,
just let the shell report the error.)
I think the problem is that the shell on the failing server
does not like "==" in the equality test. (Many implementations
of test only accept one '=', but I thought even older bash
had a builtin that accepted two '==' so I might be way off base.)
I would simply eliminate your lines from FILE="" down to
the end of the existence check and replace them with the
assignment above, letting the shell's standard default
mechanism work for you.
Note that if you do eliminate the existence check, you'll want
to either add
set -e
near the top of the script, or add a check on the exec:
exec 0<"$FILE" || exit 1
so that the script does not continue if the file is not usable.
For bash (and ksh and others), you want [[ "$x" == "$y" ]] with double brackets. That uses the built-in expression handling. A single bracket calls out to the test executable which is probably barfing on the ==.
Also, you can use [[ -z "$x" ]] to test for zero-length strings, instead of comparing to the empty string. See "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" in your bash manual.