.NET6 Create Thumbnail Image of 8MB Image Error - .net-6.0

I am trying to compress a large image into a thumbnail of 600X600 in .NET 6
My code is
public static string CreateThumbnail(int maxWidth, int maxHeight, string path)
{
byte[] bytes = System.IO.File.ReadAllBytes(path);
using (System.IO.MemoryStream ms = new System.IO.MemoryStream(bytes))
{
Image image = Image.FromStream(ms);
return CreateThumbnail(maxWidth, maxHeight, image, path);
}
}
I am getting error on this line
Image image = Image.FromStream(ms);
error is System.Runtime.InteropServices.ExternalException: 'A generic error occurred in GDI+.'
Image size in 8mb, Code works fine for small images. What is the problem in code or is there any better way to create a thumbnail for large images?
Create thumbnail has this code but I get error before calling this function
private static string CreateThumbnail(int maxWidth, int maxHeight, Image image, string path)
{
//var image = System.Drawing.Image.FromStream( (path);
var ratioX = (double)maxWidth / image.Width;
var ratioY = (double)maxHeight / image.Height;
var ratio = Math.Min(ratioX, ratioY);
var newWidth = (int)(image.Width * ratio);
var newHeight = (int)(image.Height * ratio);
using (var newImage = new Bitmap(newWidth, newHeight))
{
using (Graphics thumbGraph = Graphics.FromImage(newImage))
{
thumbGraph.CompositingQuality = CompositingQuality.Default;
thumbGraph.SmoothingMode = SmoothingMode.Default;
//thumbGraph.InterpolationMode = InterpolationMode.HighQualityBicubic;
thumbGraph.DrawImage(image, 0, 0, newWidth, newHeight);
image.Dispose();
//string fileRelativePath = Path.GetFileName(path);
//newImage.Save(path, newImage.RawFormat);
SaveJpeg(path, newImage, 100);
}
}
return path;
}

Related

Xamarin: Unable to extract central square of photo in Android/iOS

I am trying to get an image using the camera. The image is to be 256x256 and I want it to come from the centre of a photo taken using the camera on a phone. I found this code at: https://forums.xamarin.com/discussion/37647/cross-platform-crop-image-view
I am using this code for Android...
public byte[] CropPhoto(byte[] photoToCropBytes, Rectangle rectangleToCrop, double outputWidth, double outputHeight)
{
using (var photoOutputStream = new MemoryStream())
{
// Load the bitmap
var inSampleSize = CalculateInSampleSize((int)rectangleToCrop.Width, (int)rectangleToCrop.Height, (int)outputWidth, (int)outputHeight);
var options = new BitmapFactory.Options();
options.InSampleSize = inSampleSize;
//options.InPurgeable = true; see http://developer.android.com/reference/android/graphics/BitmapFactory.Options.html
using (var photoToCropBitmap = BitmapFactory.DecodeByteArray(photoToCropBytes, 0, photoToCropBytes.Length, options))
{
var matrix = new Matrix();
var martixScale = outputWidth / rectangleToCrop.Width * inSampleSize;
matrix.PostScale((float)martixScale, (float)martixScale);
using (var photoCroppedBitmap = Bitmap.CreateBitmap(photoToCropBitmap, (int)(rectangleToCrop.X / inSampleSize), (int)(rectangleToCrop.Y / inSampleSize), (int)(rectangleToCrop.Width / inSampleSize), (int)(rectangleToCrop.Height / inSampleSize), matrix, true))
{
photoCroppedBitmap.Compress(Bitmap.CompressFormat.Jpeg, 100, photoOutputStream);
}
}
return photoOutputStream.ToArray();
}
}
public static int CalculateInSampleSize(int inputWidth, int inputHeight, int outputWidth, int outputHeight)
{
//see http://developer.android.com/training/displaying-bitmaps/load-bitmap.html
int inSampleSize = 1; //default
if (inputHeight > outputHeight || inputWidth > outputWidth) {
int halfHeight = inputHeight / 2;
int halfWidth = inputWidth / 2;
// Calculate the largest inSampleSize value that is a power of 2 and keeps both
// height and width larger than the requested height and width.
while ((halfHeight / inSampleSize) > outputHeight && (halfWidth / inSampleSize) > outputWidth)
{
inSampleSize *= 2;
}
}
return inSampleSize;
}
and this code for iOS...
public byte[] CropPhoto(byte[] photoToCropBytes, Xamarin.Forms.Rectangle
rectangleToCrop, double outputWidth, double outputHeight)
{
byte[] photoOutputBytes;
using (var data = NSData.FromArray(photoToCropBytes))
{
using (var photoToCropCGImage = UIImage.LoadFromData(data).CGImage)
{
//crop image
using (var photoCroppedCGImage = photoToCropCGImage.WithImageInRect(new CGRect((nfloat)rectangleToCrop.X, (nfloat)rectangleToCrop.Y, (nfloat)rectangleToCrop.Width, (nfloat)rectangleToCrop.Height)))
{
using (var photoCroppedUIImage = UIImage.FromImage(photoCroppedCGImage))
{
//create a 24bit RGB image to the output size
using (var cGBitmapContext = new CGBitmapContext(IntPtr.Zero, (int)outputWidth, (int)outputHeight, 8, (int)(4 * outputWidth), CGColorSpace.CreateDeviceRGB(), CGImageAlphaInfo.PremultipliedFirst))
{
var photoOutputRectangleF = new RectangleF(0f, 0f, (float)outputWidth, (float)outputHeight);
// draw the cropped photo resized
cGBitmapContext.DrawImage(photoOutputRectangleF, photoCroppedUIImage.CGImage);
//get cropped resized photo
var photoOutputUIImage = UIKit.UIImage.FromImage(cGBitmapContext.ToImage());
//convert cropped resized photo to bytes and then stream
using (var photoOutputNsData = photoOutputUIImage.AsJPEG())
{
photoOutputBytes = new Byte[photoOutputNsData.Length];
System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.Copy(photoOutputNsData.Bytes, photoOutputBytes, 0, Convert.ToInt32(photoOutputNsData.Length));
}
}
}
}
}
}
return photoOutputBytes;
}
I am struggling to work out exactly what the parameters are to call the function.
Currently, I am doing the following:
double cropSize = Math.Min(DeviceDisplay.MainDisplayInfo.Width, DeviceDisplay.MainDisplayInfo.Height);
double left = (DeviceDisplay.MainDisplayInfo.Width - cropSize) / 2.0;
double top = (DeviceDisplay.MainDisplayInfo.Height - cropSize) / 2.0;
// Get a square resized and cropped from the top image as a byte[]
_imageData = mediaService.CropPhoto(_imageData, new Rectangle(left, top, cropSize, cropSize), 256, 256);
I was expecting this to crop the image to the central square (in portrait mode side length would be the width of the photo) and then scale it down to a 256x256 image. But it never picks the centre of the image.
Has anyone ever used this code and can tell me what I need to pass in for the 'rectangleToCrop' parameter?
Note: Both Android and iOS give the same image, just not the central part that I was expecting.
Here are the two routines I used:
Android:
public byte[] ResizeImageAndCropToSquare(byte[] rawPhoto, int outputSize)
{
// Create object of bitmapfactory's option method for further option use
BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options();
// InPurgeable is used to free up memory while required
options.InPurgeable = true;
// Get the original image
using (var originalImage = BitmapFactory.DecodeByteArray(rawPhoto, 0, rawPhoto.Length, options))
{
// The shortest edge will determine the size of the square image
int cropSize = Math.Min(originalImage.Width, originalImage.Height);
int left = (originalImage.Width - cropSize) / 2;
int top = (originalImage.Height - cropSize) / 2;
using (var squareImage = Bitmap.CreateBitmap(originalImage, left, top, cropSize, cropSize))
{
// Resize the square image to the correct size of an Avatar
using (var resizedImage = Bitmap.CreateScaledBitmap(squareImage, outputSize, outputSize, true))
{
// Return the raw data of the resized image
using (MemoryStream resizedImageStream = new MemoryStream())
{
// Resize the image maintaining 100% quality
resizedImage.Compress(Bitmap.CompressFormat.Png, 100, resizedImageStream);
return resizedImageStream.ToArray();
}
}
}
}
}
iOS:
private const int BitsPerComponent = 8;
public byte[] ResizeImageAndCropToSquare(byte[] rawPhoto, int outputSize)
{
using (var data = NSData.FromArray(rawPhoto))
{
using (var photoToCrop = UIImage.LoadFromData(data).CGImage)
{
nint photoWidth = photoToCrop.Width;
nint photoHeight = photoToCrop.Height;
nint cropSize = photoWidth < photoHeight ? photoWidth : photoHeight;
nint left = (photoWidth - cropSize) / 2;
nint top = (photoHeight - cropSize) / 2;
// Crop image
using (var photoCropped = photoToCrop.WithImageInRect(new CGRect(left, top, cropSize, cropSize)))
{
using (var photoCroppedUIImage = UIImage.FromImage(photoCropped))
{
// Create a 24bit RGB image of output size
using (var cGBitmapContext = new CGBitmapContext(IntPtr.Zero, outputSize, outputSize, BitsPerComponent, outputSize << 2, CGColorSpace.CreateDeviceRGB(), CGImageAlphaInfo.PremultipliedFirst))
{
var photoOutputRectangleF = new RectangleF(0f, 0f, outputSize, outputSize);
// Draw the cropped photo resized
cGBitmapContext.DrawImage(photoOutputRectangleF, photoCroppedUIImage.CGImage);
// Get cropped resized photo
var photoOutputUIImage = UIImage.FromImage(cGBitmapContext.ToImage());
// Convert cropped resized photo to bytes and then stream
using (var photoOutputNsData = photoOutputUIImage.AsPNG())
{
var rawOutput = new byte[photoOutputNsData.Length];
Marshal.Copy(photoOutputNsData.Bytes, rawOutput, 0, Convert.ToInt32(photoOutputNsData.Length));
return rawOutput;
}
}
}
}
}
}
}

ClipBoard What is an Object Descriptor type and how can i write it?

So I made a small application that basicaly draw a whatever image is in the ClipBoard(memory) and trys to draw it.
This is a sample of the code:
private EventHandler<KeyEvent> copyPasteEvent = new EventHandler() {
final KeyCombination ctrl_V = new KeyCodeCombination(KeyCode.V, KeyCombination.CONTROL_DOWN);
#Override
public void handle(Event event) {
if (ctrl_V.match((KeyEvent) event)) {
System.out.println("Ctrl+V pressed");
Clipboard clipboard = Clipboard.getSystemClipboard();
System.out.println(clipboard.getContentTypes());
//Change canvas size if necessary to allow space for the image to fit
Image copiedImage = clipboard.getImage();
if (copiedImage.getHeight()>canvas.getHeight()){
canvas.setHeight(copiedImage.getHeight());
}
if (copiedImage.getWidth()>canvas.getWidth()){
canvas.setWidth(copiedImage.getWidth());
}
gc.drawImage(clipboard.getImage(), 0,0);
}
}
};
This is the image that was drawn and the correspecting data type:
A print from my screen.
A image from the internet.
However when i copy and paste a direct raw image from paint...
Object Descriptor is an OLE format from Microsoft.
This is why when you copy an image from a Microsoft application, you get these descriptors from Clipboard.getSystemClipboard().getContentTypes():
[[application/x-java-rawimage], [Object Descriptor]]
As for getting the image out of the clipboard... let's try two possible ways to do it: AWT and JavaFX.
AWT
Let's use the awt toolkit to get the system clipboard, and in case we have an image on it, retrieve a BufferedImage. Then we can convert it easily to a JavaFX Image and place it in an ImageView:
try {
DataFlavor[] availableDataFlavors = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().
getSystemClipboard().getAvailableDataFlavors();
for (DataFlavor f : availableDataFlavors) {
System.out.println("AWT Flavor: " + f);
if (f.equals(DataFlavor.imageFlavor)) {
BufferedImage data = (BufferedImage) Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getSystemClipboard().getData(DataFlavor.imageFlavor);
System.out.println("data " + data);
// Convert to JavaFX:
WritableImage img = new WritableImage(data.getWidth(), data.getHeight());
SwingFXUtils.toFXImage((BufferedImage) data, img);
imageView.setImage(img);
}
}
} catch (UnsupportedFlavorException | IOException ex) {
System.out.println("Error " + ex);
}
It prints:
AWT Flavor: java.awt.datatransfer.DataFlavor[mimetype=image/x-java-image;representationclass=java.awt.Image]
data BufferedImage#3e4eca95: type = 1 DirectColorModel: rmask=ff0000 gmask=ff00 bmask=ff amask=0 IntegerInterleavedRaster: width = 350 height = 364 #Bands = 3 xOff = 0 yOff = 0 dataOffset[0] 0
and displays your image:
This part was based in this answer.
JavaFX
Why didn't we try it with JavaFX in the first place? Well, we could have tried directly:
Image content = (Image) Clipboard.getSystemClipboard().getContent(DataFormat.IMAGE);
imageView.setImage(content);
and you will get a valid image, but when adding it to an ImageView, it will be blank as you already noticed, or with invalid colors.
So how can we get a valid image? If you check the BufferedImage above, it shows type = 1, which means BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB = 1;, in other words, it is an image with 8-bit RGB color components packed into integer pixels, without alpha component.
My guess is that JavaFX implementation for Windows doesn't process correctly this image format, as it probably expects a RGBA format. You can check here how the image is extracted. And if you want to dive into the native implementation, check the native-glass/win/GlassClipboard.cpp code.
So we can try to do it with a PixelReader. Let's read the image and return a byte array:
private byte[] imageToData(Image image) {
int width = (int) image.getWidth();
int height = (int) image.getHeight();
byte[] data = new byte[width * height * 3];
int i = 0;
for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
int argb = image.getPixelReader().getArgb(x, y);
int r = (argb >> 16) & 0xFF;
int g = (argb >> 8) & 0xFF;
int b = argb & 0xFF;
data[i++] = (byte) r;
data[i++] = (byte) g;
data[i++] = (byte) b;
}
}
return data;
}
Now, all we need to do is use this byte array to write a new image and set it to the ImageView:
Image content = (Image) Clipboard.getSystemClipboard().getContent(DataFormat.IMAGE);
byte[] data = imageToData(content);
WritableImage writableImage = new WritableImage((int) content.getWidth(), (int) content.getHeight());
PixelWriter pixelWriter = writableImage.getPixelWriter();
pixelWriter.setPixels(0, 0, (int) content.getWidth(), (int) content.getHeight(),
PixelFormat.getByteRgbInstance(), data, 0, (int) content.getWidth() * 3);
imageView.setImage(writableImage);
And now you will get the same result, but only using JavaFX:

How to create barcode image with ZXing.Net and ImageSharp in .Net Core 2.0

I'm trying to generate a barcode image. When I use the following code I can create a base64 string but it's giving a blank image. I checked the content is not blank or white space.
There are codes using CoreCompat.System.Drawing but I couldn't make it work because I am working in OS X environment.
Am I doing something wrong?
code:
[HtmlTargetElement("barcode")]
public class BarcodeHelper: TagHelper {
public override void Process(TagHelperContext context, TagHelperOutput output) {
var content = context.AllAttributes["content"].Value.ToString();
var alt = context.AllAttributes["alt"].Value.ToString();
var width = 250;
var height = 250;
var margin = 0;
var barcodeWriter = new ZXing.BarcodeWriterPixelData {
Format = ZXing.BarcodeFormat.CODE_128,
Options = new QrCodeEncodingOptions {
Height = height, Width = width, Margin = margin
}
};
var pixelData = barcodeWriter.Write(content);
using (var image = Image.LoadPixelData<Rgba32>(pixelData.Pixels, width, height))
{
output.TagName = "img";
output.Attributes.Clear();
output.Attributes.Add("width", width);
output.Attributes.Add("height", height);
output.Attributes.Add("alt", alt);
output.Attributes.Add("src", string.Format("data:image/png;base64,{0}", image.ToBase64String(ImageFormats.Png)));
}
}
}
There are some code snippets like below. They can write the content and easily convert the result data to base64 string. But when I call BarcodeWriter it needs a type <TOutput> which I don't know what to send. I am using ZXing.Net 0.16.2.
var writer = BarcodeWriter // BarcodeWriter without <TOutput> is missing. There is BarcodeWriter<TOutput> I can call.
{
Format = BarcodeFormat.CODE_128
}
var result = writer.write("content");
The current version (0.16.2) of the pixel data renderer uses a wrong alpha channel value. The whole barcode is transparent.
Additionally with my version of ImageSharp I had to remove the following part "data:image/png;base64,{0}", because image.ToBase64String includes this already.
Complete modified code:
[HtmlTargetElement("barcode")]
public class BarcodeHelper: TagHelper {
public override void Process(TagHelperContext context, TagHelperOutput output) {
var content = context.AllAttributes["content"].Value.ToString();
var alt = context.AllAttributes["alt"].Value.ToString();
var width = 250;
var height = 250;
var margin = 0;
var barcodeWriter = new ZXing.BarcodeWriterPixelData {
Format = ZXing.BarcodeFormat.CODE_128,
Options = new EncodingOptions {
Height = height, Width = width, Margin = margin
},
Renderer = new PixelDataRenderer {
Foreground = new PixelDataRenderer.Color(unchecked((int)0xFF000000)),
Background = new PixelDataRenderer.Color(unchecked((int)0xFFFFFFFF)),
}
};
var pixelData = barcodeWriter.Write(content);
using (var image = Image.LoadPixelData<Rgba32>(pixelData.Pixels, width, height))
{
output.TagName = "img";
output.Attributes.Clear();
output.Attributes.Add("width", pixelData.Width);
output.Attributes.Add("height", pixelData.Height);
output.Attributes.Add("alt", alt);
output.Attributes.Add("src", string.Format( image.ToBase64String(ImageFormats.Png)));
}
}
}
It's also possible to use the ImageSharp binding package (ZXing.Net.Bindings.ImageSharp).
[HtmlTargetElement("barcode")]
public class BarcodeHelper: TagHelper {
public override void Process(TagHelperContext context, TagHelperOutput output) {
var content = context.AllAttributes["content"].Value.ToString();
var alt = context.AllAttributes["alt"].Value.ToString();
var width = 250;
var height = 250;
var margin = 0;
var barcodeWriter = new ZXing.ImageSharp.BarcodeWriter<Rgba32> {
Format = ZXing.BarcodeFormat.CODE_128,
Options = new EncodingOptions {
Height = height, Width = width, Margin = margin
}
};
using (var image = barcodeWriter.Write(content))
{
output.TagName = "img";
output.Attributes.Clear();
output.Attributes.Add("width", image.Width);
output.Attributes.Add("height", image.Height);
output.Attributes.Add("alt", alt);
output.Attributes.Add("src", string.Format( image.ToBase64String(ImageFormats.Png)));
}
}
}

Windows Phone - update live tile from background agent with custom image

I am trying to add cloud image to album cover if the cover is loaded from internet. I am trying to do this in Background Audio agent and I think I almost got it. The problem is that I have black image in tile. Few times when testing I got cover image with my cloud image in it but mostly I get black image (and sometimes black image with cloud in it).
Can anyone help me find the problem? Thanks
private void UpdateAppTile()
{
var apptile = ShellTile.ActiveTiles.First();
if (apptile != null && _playList != null && _playList.Any())
{
var track = _playList[currentTrackNumber];
var size = 360;
Uri coverUrl;
if (track.AlbumArt.OriginalString.StartsWith("http"))
{
BitmapImage img = null;
using (AutoResetEvent are = new AutoResetEvent(false))
{
string filename = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(track.AlbumArt.OriginalString);
var urlToNewCover = String.Format("http://.../{0}/{1}", filename, size);
coverUrl = new Uri(urlToNewCover, UriKind.Absolute);
Deployment.Current.Dispatcher.BeginInvoke(() =>
{
img = new BitmapImage(coverUrl);
are.Set();
});
are.WaitOne();
var wbmp = CreateTileImageWithCloud(img);
SaveTileImage(wbmp, "/shared/shellcontent/test.jpg");
coverUrl = new Uri("isostore:/shared/shellcontent/test.jpg", UriKind.RelativeOrAbsolute);
}
}
else
{
var coverId = track.Tag.Split(',')[1];
var urlToNewCover = String.Format("http://.../{0}/{1}", coverId, size);
coverUrl = new Uri(urlToNewCover, UriKind.Absolute);
}
var appTileData = new FlipTileData
{
BackgroundImage = coverUrl,
WideBackgroundImage = coverUrl,
...
}
apptile.Update(appTileData);
}
}
public static BitmapImage LoadBitmap(string iFilename)
{
Uri imgUri = new Uri(iFilename, UriKind.Relative);
StreamResourceInfo imageResource = Application.GetResourceStream(imgUri);
BitmapImage image = new BitmapImage();
image.SetSource(imageResource.Stream);
return image;
}
private void SaveTileImage(WriteableBitmap wbmp, string filename)
{
using (var store = IsolatedStorageFile.GetUserStoreForApplication())
{
if (store.FileExists(filename))
store.DeleteFile(filename);
var stream = store.OpenFile(filename, FileMode.OpenOrCreate);
wbmp.SaveJpeg(stream, wbmp.PixelWidth, wbmp.PixelHeight, 100, 100);
stream.Close();
}
}
private WriteableBitmap CreateTileImageWithCloud(BitmapImage img)
{
Image image = null;
WriteableBitmap wbmp = null;
using (AutoResetEvent are = new AutoResetEvent(false))
{
Deployment.Current.Dispatcher.BeginInvoke(() =>
{
image = new Image { Source = img };
Canvas.SetLeft(image, 0);
Canvas.SetTop(image, 0);
var cloud = new BitmapImage(new Uri("Assets/Images/Other/Cloud_no.png", UriKind.Relative));
var cloudImg = new Image { Source = cloud };
Canvas.SetLeft(cloudImg, 125);
Canvas.SetTop(cloudImg, 10);
var canvas = new Canvas
{
Height = 176,
Width = 176
};
canvas.Children.Add(image);
canvas.Children.Add(cloudImg);
wbmp = new WriteableBitmap(176, 176);
wbmp.Render(canvas, null);
wbmp.Invalidate();
are.Set();
});
are.WaitOne();
}
return wbmp;
}
Edit
I found little pattern in which this is working and in which not. When application is running and I called this twice (in TrackReady and SkipNext) then I very often get cover image with cloud. When I am running just background agent (without running app) I get always black image. And often first UpdateAppTile call is just black image and second it's black image with cloud. That black color is default canvas background so I guess I have problems with delay when loading cover image from url. But I am not sure how in my case use ImageOpened event and if it help.
I think that you should call Measure and Arrange after adding elements to canvas and before rendering canvas (as with other UIElements):
canvas.Measure( new Size( Width, Height ) );
canvas.Arrange( new Rect( 0, 0, Width, Height ) );

show image in picture gallery in windows phone 7

I have an image app in wp7.
class Images
{
public string Title {get;set;}
public string Path {get;set;}
}
on page level, i bind title and path(relative to my app) it to a list.
What i need is, when user click on list item the respective image open in picture gallery of windows phone 7.
You should clarify your question, but I suppose Path is the location of your image in isolated storage. Providing that Image is the name of your Image in xaml
img.Source = GetImage(LoadIfExists(image.Path));
LoadIfExists returns the binary data for a file in Isolated Storage, and GetImage returns it as a WriteableBitmap :
public static WriteableBitmap GetImage(byte[] buffer)
{
int width = buffer[0] * 256 + buffer[1];
int height = buffer[2] * 256 + buffer[3];
long matrixSize = width * height;
WriteableBitmap retVal = new WriteableBitmap(width, height);
int bufferPos = 4;
for (int matrixPos = 0; matrixPos < matrixSize; matrixPos++)
{
int pixel = buffer[bufferPos++];
pixel = pixel << 8 | buffer[bufferPos++];
pixel = pixel << 8 | buffer[bufferPos++];
pixel = pixel << 8 | buffer[bufferPos++];
retVal.Pixels[matrixPos] = pixel;
}
return retVal;
}
public static byte[] LoadIfExists(string fileName)
{
byte[] retVal;
using (IsolatedStorageFile iso = IsolatedStorageFile.GetUserStoreForApplication())
{
if (iso.FileExists(fileName))
{
using (IsolatedStorageFileStream stream = iso.OpenFile(fileName, FileMode.Open))
{
retVal = new byte[stream.Length];
stream.Read(retVal, 0, retVal.Length);
}
}
else
{
retVal = new byte[0];
}
}
return retVal;
}
If you want to write the image into the Picture Library, it's basically the same process, ending by calling SavePictureToCameraRoll() of MediaLibrary as explained on this MSDN Article

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